Foundations of Group Behavior Essay

Gatherings can be as little as two individuals or as large as the number may reach even in several thousands. They are framed for various reasons and serve various advantages to their individuals and furthermore to their associations. In any case, there might be a few disadvantages too as it will be found in this paper. Formal and Informal Groups can be isolated into two sorts: Formal gatherings and Informal gatherings. Formal gatherings are those gatherings which have been perceived and made by the association. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) They have a more drawn out life expectancy and have an increasingly formal structure. They additionally have explicit employments that are to be taken care of and the endeavors of the gathering are coordinated so that they will prompt the achievement of the organization’s goals. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) These gatherings are shaped after broad arranging with respect to their volume and constitution of the gathering. Servers in a café can be thought of as a proper gathering. Then again, casual gatherings are bunches that are not made officially by the association and don't have a particular structure that is perceived by the association. (Robbins 2004, p.164) These can be framed by social communication between laborers in an association and can be different in their inclination in any sense. For instance, four workers who met in the bottle can build up a kind of relationship with one another despite the fact that they may not be required to cooperate with one another to achieve any hierarchical goals. This gathering has shaped with no proper structure that can be distinguished in the authoritative structure and is a case of a casual gathering. Order, Task, Interest, and Friendship Groups can likewise be classified into order gatherings, task gatherings, intrigue gatherings, or kinship gatherings. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) Command bunches are made officially and they are perceived in the authoritative various leveled structure. These gatherings contain individuals who are liable to one supervisor. Despite the fact that assignment bunches are additionally made by the association and communicate to accomplish authoritative goals, their individuals are not generally liable to their quick supervisors. Laborers who initially report to various supervisors can be consolidated by an association to achieve a specific undertaking and during this errand, these individual individuals can avoid the first hierarchical chain of importance whenever required. For instance, an association can ask representatives from the product advancement group to cooperate with individuals from the HR group to choose about opening in the association. Both order gatherings and assignment bunches are sorts of formal gatherings as both of these gatherings are shaped officially to accomplish hierarchical targets. Then again, an intrigue bunch is a sort of a casual gathering that can be shaped to accomplish some specific objective that has a typical enthusiasm for the entirety of the gathering individuals. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) For instance, a couple of laborers can hold hands to request a compensation increment. Likewise, kinship gatherings can likewise be sorted as a kind of casual gatherings as they are shaped by individuals who share some regular attributes that drove them to create companionship with one another. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) Moreover, companionship gatherings can likewise connect outside the components of the work environment. Both intrigue gatherings and kinship bunches are sorts of casual gatherings as they are not made officially by the association, are not perceived by the authoritative structure, and don't really meet to achieve hierarchical targets. The point of casual gatherings is progressively disposed towards satisfying social necessities of the people in the gathering. (Robbins 2004, p. 164) However, the connection between individuals from casual gatherings impactsly affects their work execution and their activities. A gathering in the past was generally connected with some social action where various individuals from the general public would join each other for a particular explanation. These social collusions, broadly known as casual gatherings, satisfy the social needs of the individuals. In intrigue gatherings, society individuals from various fields join each other for personal stakes while companionship bunches are described by the regular characteristic(s) of the individuals. The individual from these gatherings may meet in gyms, bistro, and open stops, etc. Since these gatherings do not have a proper structure and rules and rules, the odds of contentions are high yet once the individuals get along, the gathering might have the option to battle for their advantage even in the most noticeably awful circumstances. Outer and Internal Factors influencing Groups At the point when we hear the word gathering, we surmise it to an assortment of individuals in an association that cooperate to accomplish an ideal explicit objective. These are the gatherings where the individuals are kept to work to the limits of authoritatively set rules and rules to accomplish an objective or number of objectives. They may confront the issues of time constraints, resource(s) limitation, or the gathering may not be engaged with power to settle on choices all alone, or the hierarchical culture may not be adjusted to that of the gathering. Also, the organization’s determination and compensating strategies may influence the presentation of the gatherings as gatherings are made out of work force that are employed and remunerated by the association. These confinements are not under the group’s control and can be called as the outside elements influencing the group’s execution. Inward factors influencing the group’s execution might be those components that structure the structure of the gathering. The explanation is that these variables influence the conduct of the individuals. Gathering pioneers that fill in as a guide, facilitator, peace promoter, etc may achieve the ideal changes in the member’s conduct and in this way may expand the group’s execution. Tuckman’s Five-Stage Model It was in 1965 that Bruce Tuckman uncovered his four-phase model containing Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. Subsequently, he included a fifth stage, Adjourning, too to his unique four-phase model. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) (Clark 2005, n. p. ) Forming is the primary stage where people in a gathering get to know one another. In the first place, the gathering individuals are mindful so as not to show any conduct that might be considered as inadmissible for a gathering conduct. For instance, at this stage, a gathering part may abstain from calling attention to errors of another part as he may be worried about the possibility that that it can offer ascent to some contention. During this stage, individuals connect with one another to trade fundamental ideas and essential issues. It very well may be hard to make sense of the entirety of the issues at this phase as people inside the gathering can get occupied by the various circumstances in which they attempt to change themselves. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) Therefore, just negligible advancement is achieved the extent that the achievement of hierarchical destinations is concerned, however this is ordinary at this stage. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) This stage closes when people inside the gathering start to see themselves as constituents of the group. (Robbins 2004, p. 165) Storming During the following stage, raging, bunch individuals step by step understand that they have accomplished little up until now. Every single part has his own impression of how things ought to be done and a reasonable information sharing condition isn't framed at this point. This can be viewed as the most irksome stage as individuals begin to perceive that the occupations to be done are not as simple as they appeared to be already. Collaborations with other colleagues are frequently constrained to contentions about what should the gathering do all in all. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) Conflicts may emerge as colleagues would prefer not to have their individual opportunity constrained. (Robbins 2004, p. 165) At this stage, individuals don't confide in others and do what appears to be suitable as for their own understanding. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) A great deal of vitality is squandered in these issues and very little is accomplished during this stage. Notwithstanding, individuals begin to build up a shared comprehension among themselves. This stage closes when an undeniable and set up chain of command of order frames inside the group. (Robbins 2004, p. 165) Norming The following stage is Norming where the gathering starts to impart data to one another. Great affiliations develop among workers and the group shows cohesiveness. (Robbins 2004, p. 165) Members settle their contentions and team up with one another. During this stage, individuals likewise begin to condemn others in a gainful manner with the goal that the analysis benefits as opposed to making clashes. For instance, a senior part can clarify the right method of carrying out a responsibility to his youngsters while supporting contentions from explores distributed in peer-checked on diaries. Simultaneously, the senior part can brief the youngsters about the results of doing things wrong and the advantages of getting things done in the correct manner. Junior individuals are additionally bound to tune in as they begin understanding the significance of accomplishing hierarchical targets while working in gatherings. As clashes are stayed away from and limited, the greater part of the vitality and time is spent on achieving authoritative targets. This stage closes when colleagues build up a mentality that coordinates the members’ shared view of satisfactory gathering conduct. Playing out The fourth stage Performing starts with individuals having grown great associations with every others. Presently, colleagues can recognize issues, fathom them, and executes the modifications effectively. At long last, bunch individuals have found out about the solid focuses and frail purposes of their kindred individuals. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) The gathering starts to perform quite well and is presently an effective and firm gathering. This is the last stage for suffering work gatherings albeit impermanent work bunches have another stage. Deferring The last stage, which is for brief work bunches like errand gatherings, is known as Adjourning. (Clark 2005, n. p. ) The work is enveloped with this last stag

Written Report on SYRIA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Composed Report on SYRIA - Research Paper Example Bashar al-Assad is the leader of Syria at present who has been enthroned after the demise of his dad Hafiz al-Assad. The Syrian Economy which depends principally on the oil and agribusiness areas encountered a development of 2.4% evaluated in the year 2008 and these parts together comprise one portion of the Gross Domestic Product of the state. An expansion in the creation of the oil came about because of the shooting cost of raw petroleum has contributed a lot to the outside receipts of Syria (Central Intelligence Agency, p.657). Simplicity of working together in Syria The administrations of Syria were supporting the open part for quite a long time and the private division also is given significance during the most recent couple of years because of the reconsidering from the administration side, understanding the need to help private area for the development of the total national output and to decrease the joblessness pace of the state. Syria was positioned at 143 in the ‘Ease of working together Report’ for the year 2010 by the World Bank which put Syria behind the entirety of its neighboring nations. In managing development licenses and in beginning another business, the nation was given 132nd and 133rd positions individually. These figures demonstrate the troubles looked by the private part of Syria. The increasing expenses and the quantity of methodology engaged with the procedure of giving development licenses could be viewed as the purposes for this low positioning status. The report gives an obvious thought in regards to the dreary procedure of getting a development license which includes 26 techniques takes the term of 128 days and requires burning through 540.3 % of per capita salary. Anyway a ruin is noticeable on account of the quantity of methodology and the necessary going through when contrasted and the insights of 2006 though the cost required was 697% of the per capita salary for the accomplishment of development grants (Oxford Bus iness Group, 2010, p.117). In the previous scarcely any years Damascus, the capital has seen various monetary changes like opening private banks, diminishing loaning financing costs, raising costs of certain sponsored things and merging trade rates (Central Intelligence Agency, 2009, p.657). Despite the fact that the administration has recognized that it has completed various changes in the economy, adequate legitimate guidelines are normal by the speculators so as to advance straightforward and compelling association from the administration side and the facts confirm that there is still extension for development (Oxford Business Group, 2010, p.117). Remote business in Syria The exchange advancement and new conversion standard arrangements have contributed a lot to the section of Syria in to the worldwide market and simultaneously the state is giving accentuation on the local economy so as to advance residential financial specialists. The quantity of outside players entered in the c hanged financial part gives off an impression of being a case of the remote rivalry looked by the state. The Syrian monetary changes are done so that they license outside cooperation alongside offering important help and supportive gestures to the residential firms concentrating on the improvement of the economy of Syria. Because of the corporate assessment reorganization of 2006 which decreased the duty rate from 65% to 28%, the corporate business division encountered a striking change. Various new business firms came in to activity and the legislature encountered a general increment in the income. In 2008 another law was passed by Syria so as to help outside financial specialists. According to the law financial specialists are permitted to lease or purchase land in the state for

Roth 401(k) vs. 401(k) Whats the Difference - OppLoans

Roth 401(k) vs. 401(k) What’s the Difference - OppLoans Roth 401(k) vs. 401(k): What’s the Difference? Roth 401(k) vs. 401(k): What’s the Difference?The basic explanation is that income taxes are handled differently between Roth and traditional 401(k)s, but there is more to these retirement plans than meets the eye.When it comes to financial planning, the terms  Roth 401(k) and traditional 401(k) are thrown around a lot. And, unless finance is your background, it feels like the two are entirely different. It may seem like it’s too complicated to worry about the difference. A  retirement  savings  account  is a  retirement  savings  account: right?Luckily, the difference between a  Roth 401(k) and a traditional 401(K) isn’t all that complicated. Without getting into the nitty-gritty details, the biggest difference between a traditional and Roth  retirement account  is simple: taxes. Like everything else related to a 401(k), the way they handle  income  taxes  is the single most important factor to understand about them.According to  Money Under 30  the main difference is simple:W ith traditional accounts, you don’t have to pay taxes on the money you put in now, but you have to pay  income  taxes  on the money when you withdraw it later.With  Roth accounts, you can only  put money  in after you’ve paid  income  taxes  on it, but when you withdraw it in retirement, you don’t have to pay taxes on the money.Largely, the difference between the two  is whether you: take the taxes off from the top by investing money that has already been taxed as income by the government, or you wait until you’re in retirement age to be taxed on your earnings. There are obvious benefits to being taxed before contributing, but there are also benefits to investing more and paying taxes later.Additionally,  the 10% early withdrawal penalty  only applies to  gains  made in a  Roth 401(k) rather than applying to the  entire balance  of a traditional account.So, what’s the best route for the average person?If  tax rates  don’t changeIn the unlikely scenario that  income  tax  rates  don’t go up (or down) between now and when you retire, there will be no difference between a Roth or traditional 401(k) investment. Whether you’re taxed now or later your investment growth and payment will be the same.David Weliver at  Money Under 30  advises not to assume the tax payment will be the same whether you pay now or later.“Of course, no one knows for sure what taxes will be in the future, but most people assume taxes won’t go down,” he  wrote. “If you’re young and professionally ambitious, it’s a good assumption that you’ll be in a  higher  tax bracket  as a successful retiree than you are now on an entry-level salary.”Pay Later With a TraditionalDespite the tricky negotiation between paying taxes now or later,  Personal Capital’s 2019 piece on the subject says if a person believes they will be in a  lower  tax bracket  at retirement, a traditional 401(k) is the best option. Another consideration may be the tax requirements of the state in which you will retire.It’s also important to remember that contribution types can change over time. For example, if someone plans on retiring early, a traditional 401(k) might be a good option, which leaves their retirement funds available for conversion to a  Roth 401(k) between their retirement and withdrawal.“For example, in some instances, a person that wants to retire early, say [at] age 50, might benefit from purely  pre-tax contributions, then once they retire, if they are in a low  tax bracket, they can do annual Roth conversions to take advantage of the low  tax rate  and ideally have little to nothing subject to  RMDs  [required  minimum distributions] by the time they hit age 70 1/2 years old,” according to  Personal Capital.Pay Now With a RothUnsurprisingly, most 401(k) experts say  Roth contributions  are the best option for saving money down the road. As taxes are unlikely to go down and a person’s personal wealth is likely to go up, a  Roth 401(k) will probabl y provide the most financial support in the long run.For financial expert Grant Sabatier at  Millennial Money, the  Roth 401(k) is an obvious choice. The money invested is wholly yours and isn’t subject to taxation upon withdrawal, which makes it a much better retirement fund option.“Roth 401[k]’s compound over time and grow  tax-free,” Sabatier wrote. “You pay tax when you put the money in, but not when you take it out likely many years later. This means that all of the compound interest â€" or money that your money makes â€" won’t be taxed when you take it out.”Sabatier also mentioned that those in  lower  tax brackets  are best off taking advantage of a  Roth 401(k) now, as their retirement  tax bracket  is likely to be different. And, even if you’re in a  higher  tax  bracket  now, you’re still better off in a Roth because you’re likely to keep gaining personal wealth in the future.Save Either WayThere is no one-size-fits-all solution to deciding between a Ro th or traditional 401(k), but it is important to save for retirement regardless of which method you choose, whether its a traditional 401(K),  Roth 401(k), or even a  Roth IRA  (yes, there are more than two types of  retirement accounts, all with varying requirements and  contribution limits). Depending on your circumstances, you may want to even consider  alternative solutions to planning  for retirement.Davidson’s advice is to not spend too much time contemplating your options and simply choose one, so you can benefit later.“Regardless of which one you pick, contributing to either account is much better than not saving at all,” she  wrote.  â€œIn fact, your biggest mistake could be taking too long to decide which one to choose  since delaying your contributions for even just a few months could actually wipe out any advantage you would get from picking one over the other.”

Blood Disorders - 1013 Words

Blood Disorders Amanda Swindell HCA/240 August 9, 2015 Dr. Monica Chase Blood Disorders Blood is one of the most essential elements within the body. Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, and platelets. Blood is vital to the body functioning correctly, and it is important to understand that there are many types of blood disorders that can cause people to get sick. While there are many different types of blood disorders out there, this paper is going to cover three which are, anemia, sickle cell, and thrombocytopenia. Also, a review of plasma, red blood cells, and platelets to give a better understand of blood disorders. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. Plasma is made up mostly of water and contains dissolved proteins, carbon†¦show more content†¦He may have the sickle cell trait. Sickle cell anemia is a genetically transmitted disorder marked by episodes of painful crisis, severe hemolytic anemia, and increased susceptibility to infections. This disorder usually affects African American (Zelman, Tompary, Raymond, Holdaway, amp; Mulvihill, 2010) Since this disorder is inherited and affects African-American this puts Davon at a higher risk. Sickle cell anemia can be diagnosed by having a genetic testing and blood test. Some symptoms of this disorder are pain crisis, fatigue, splenic sequestration, bacterial infections, shortness of breath, and eye damages. Some treatments for sickle cell anemia are supportive therapy during the crisis, blood transfusions, and prevention of sickle cell crisis. Since this is an inherited disorder, there is no prevention. This blood disorder is usually diagnosed in childhood and persists throughout a person’s life (Mayo Clinic, 2015). The last scenario and blood disorder is Spencer, who over the past several weeks is having more bruises, or ecchymosis, all over his body. After coughing this morning, Spencer noticed tiny red marks all around his eyes. Spencer is showing signs of thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is a condition of the blood in which the blood doesn’t clot properly because there are not enough platelets. This condition can be caused by many different things such as decreased platelet production, increased plateletShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hemophilia: A Blood Disorder1124 Words   |  5 PagesHemophilia is a problem with the blood in a person that causes them to bleed not any faster than normal, but they often bleed for a longer period. Their blood is missing the clotting factor (a protein in the bloodstream that works to control bleeding). Hemophilia is quite rare; roughly 1 in every 10,000 persons are born with it. Rarely, hemophilia can be an acquired disease which just means a person is not born with it, but will develop it during their lifetime. 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The Mystery of the Blessed Trinity - 718 Words

Introduction Not against Reason But Still a Supernatural Mystery Must not make the mistake of attempting to explain away the Mystery Feinbergs explanation is not necessarily the best Faith and Reason A modern theologian and a medieval theologian: both use reason to support faith (in other words, they both show that the Faith is based upon reason). A brief survey of their assertions should suffice before reviewing the historical claims of the doctrine of the Trinity. Harvey J. Hames: God must be internally and eternally active so that creation can occur without any change in God. According to Llulls theory, the Trinity is the internal, eternal activity in the Godhead. In other words, for creation to come about without implying change in the Godhead, the Dignities would need to have been active internally and eternally, and consequently, this activity can only exist without implying plurality if it is triune. 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Animal Testing Is Not A Recent Occurrence Essay - 1359 Words

The cosmetic industry is a multi-billion dollar industry worldwide, catering to both men and women. Cosmetics seem to be so pervasive that everywhere you look, you can find some sort of cosmetic advertisement or commercial. Considering this high demand for cosmetics, many companies strive to produce products that will satisfy the consumer. However, in order for some cosmetic companies to manufacture their products, testing is conducted in the expense of animals. In the following report, we will examine many of the adversities that are associated with animal testing while offering some recommendations on how to remedy this issue. Background on the Issue Animal testing is not a recent occurrence. According to Nohynek et al. (2010) animal testing has been conducted since the 1930’s in order to evaluate the toxicity of consumer products. Animal testing began to attract attention when a woman became blind as a result of applying mascara that had a high level of toxicity, causing her to go blind (Nohynek et al., 2010). As a result of the incident, The Food and Drug Administration passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which gives authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to watch over the food, drugs, and cosmetics (Evans, 2012). Considering how cosmetic manufacturers are held responsible for ensuring that their products will not harm their consumers, it is of the utmost importance that products are adequately testing; and for those products thatShow MoreRelatedThe Pros of Animal Testing Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pages Albert Sabin, the developer of the polio vaccine once said, â€Å"Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year.† Polio is a deadly disease caused by a virus that spreads from person to person. 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Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models Analysis

Question: Describe about the main ideas of quantitative methods? Answer: Section 1 Literature review and ANOVA In a todays, the qualitative and quantitative research is become so much important. The process of doing both qualitative and quantitative research at a time is called as mixed research models. There are so many skills required for doing this analysis for mixed research models. First we have to decide our goal or aim for the research. After deciding this aim, then we need to categorize the data collected by using the instrument. Data collection is very important step in the research process. If there is mistake during the process of collecting data, it results into wrong estimates about the population. Taking care during collecting data is very important factor in the research process. After collection of this data, we need to classify whether this data is qualitative or quantitative. Then after, the data analysis is the important part for proving our claims. In data analysis, we use different statistical methods. There may be different statistical methods for the quantitative and qu alitative data. Also sometimes it is depends upon what we have to prove. After data analysis, the last task is to write the results or conclusions for our study. In quantitative data analysis, there are two main categories of data analysis. First is descriptive statistics and second is the inferential statistics. In the descriptive statistics analysis, we study the variables for the mean, mode, median, minimum, maximum, range, standard deviation, variance, kurtosis, skewness, etc. That is, we study all the descriptive measurements regarding the variables in this descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis of the variable gives us the idea about the data regarding the variable under study. Range and standard deviation provides view about the spread of the data and skewness provides the skew of the data. In fact we understand the what type of the distribution of the data for the given variable is. Study of descriptive statistics for each variable under study is very important because it gives us some clue for the next inferential statistics. It also provides the facility of comparison between the different descriptive statistics among the differ ent variables under study. Inferential statistics is the main part for the data analysis. It provides us the testing of hypothesis for the different claims regarding the variables or data under study. In the testing of hypothesis, we establish the null and alternative hypothesis or we can say that we test the claim of researcher. Then we decide the some level of significance or alpha value for this test. Most of the time, we take a level of significance as the 5% or 0.05. Next step in the testing of hypothesis is the finding the test statistic value. We use the test statistic formula for the calculation of the test statistic value. Selection of the proper test for the claim is very important in the testing of hypothesis. There are several statistical hypothesis tests are available and proper selection is depends upon what we want to prove. After finding out the test statistic value, we can find the p-value for this test. After finding the p-value we compare this p-value with the alpha value or given level of s ignificance for this hypothesis test. Then at last we take the decision about the null hypothesis or the claim associated with this test. We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the given level of significance and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Now, we have to see for what purpose we use the ANOVA. ANOVA is nothing but the analysis of variances. It is used when there are more than two variables. When we have only two samples, then we can use t test or z test but there are so many situations, there are more than two variables are available for analysis. In this situation we need to use the ANOVA test. ANOVA found very important in the analysis of the multiple variables. One way ANOVA is the statistical technique for testing the equality of the population means for three or more than three variables. In this test, there are so many calculations but due to the availability of different software, it gives us fast result. We uses ANOVA test for checking whether all the population means are same or not. In other words, we check whether a difference in all treatments and among treatments is. We take the decision about ANOVA based on p-value. We know the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting null hypothesis. The decision rul e is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than the given level of significance or alpha value. We do not reject the null hypothesis when p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. So, we take the decision according to the decision rule given above and then at final, we write the conclusion about the null hypothesis for study. Different tests of independence In this topic, we have to see the different test of independence. First we have to see the chi square test for independence. Chi square test for independence Here, we have to see how we have to conduct the chi square test for independence. We use this test when we are given the two categorical variables from the single population. By using this test, we have to check whether there are any significant association exists between these two variables or not. There are so many examples for categorical data. For example, in surveys voters are divided as male and female. This chi square test for independence has mainly four steps given as below: First establish the hypothesis Formulate the analysis for test Analysis of the sample data Conclusion or interpretation The null and alternative hypotheses are given as below: Null hypothesis: Variables under study are independent. Alternative hypothesis: Variables under study are not independent. Next step in this test is to decide the level of significance. It is important because it gives us the margin of accuracy of results. After deciding level of significance or alpha value, we need to find out the test statistic value. After finding test statistic value, we find the p-value. Then we take the decision about null hypothesis based on the p-value. Last step is to make a conclusion about the null hypothesis. Section 2 and 3 5 journal articles Article 1: Education, Occupation and Earnings In this article, researcher study the different variables regarding the education, occupation and earnings. Researcher also find out the relationship between the education and occupation, education and earning; and occupation and earnings. Also researcher find the collectively relationship among the three variables education, occupation and earnings. Researcher uses different statistical analysis for this study. First of all researcher collects the data for the education, occupation and earnings. Then he arranges this data in a systematic format for next study. Then after he divide this data according to the different category such as male and female, etc. dividing data is very important because this would helpful for the analysis of particular category. Then researcher find out the some descriptive statistics for these variables under study. The study of descriptive statistics is very important because it gives the brief idea about the data under study. After this researcher find ou t the correlation coefficients between the different pairs of variables. Researcher finds the correlation coefficients between the variables education and occupation, education and earnings and finally he find out the correlation coefficient between the occupation and earnings. Also researcher find out the correlation coefficients according to the gender of the person involved in this study. Then researcher uses the different design of experiments for this study. The model of multiple regression is used for the study of relationship between the three variables education, occupation and earnings. After some calculations, researcher find out the multiple regression equation for the relationship between the education, occupation and earnings. Researcher test the claim that there is significant relationship exists between these three variables. Researcher found that there is significant linear relationship exists between these three variables under study. Then after, researcher added some more variables for this study. Researcher added the variable like achievements in early career, etc. Then again find out the relationship between the different pairs and find out the results and regression equations for the different pairs. Article 2: Inequality among world citizens: 1820 1992 This article investigates the distribution of well being among world citizens during the last two centuries. The results of this study show the inequality of world distribution for the income during the period of 19th century. This article studies some theoretical issues about the world distribution of income. The study was focused on international differences in GDP per capita. This article shows that inequality among the countries is the key factor in world inequality. But, this article also shows that world inequality is not well approximated by testing hypothesis that all civilians in the same country have same income. For this purpose, they used different tests and other statistical methods. For different hypothesis they used different suitable tests of hypothesis and then according to the p-value they take the decisions about null hypothesis. For the study of above discussed article, they collected the data from each country and then use this data for analysis. One sample tests, two sample tests and multiple sample tests were used for this study of inequality among world citizens. Article 3: Effective Practices for developing reading comprehension There was a rich history for the study of reading comprehension research. There are so many different issues regarding the reading comprehension. This article also explains the idea of teaching comprehension. In this article, the things by good readers are given as below: Good readers are active readers. From the outset they have clear goals in mind for their reading. They constantly evaluate whether the text is meeting their goal or not. A good reader looks over the text or book before they read. There are so much reasons or activities described for the good readers. For the study of different hypothesis regarding the reading comprehension, data is collected for the two different groups. With practice and without practice data collected for testing the hypothesis regarding the reading comprehension. Then by using this data, they perform the appropriate test and at finally take the decision about null hypothesis whether it have to reject or do not reject. We take this decision by comparing the p-value and level of significance or alpha value. We know that if the p-value is less than the level of significance or alpha value, then we reject the null hypothesis and if the p-value is greater than the level of significance or alpha value, then we do not reject the null hypothesis. Article 4: For this article, researcher collects the self reported data for the men and women from the year 1973 to 1974. Here researcher collects the self reported data first and then again collects the actual real data for the height and weight for the men and women. Then researcher arranges this data in a systematic format according to the two categories such as male and female. After doing this, researcher calculate the different proportions for the height and weight of the male and female respondents. Researcher uses some tests for checking his claims. After doing all these, researcher draws some conclusions regarding the data of height and weight for the male and females. Researcher wants to check the accuracy of this data. The recorded data is regarding with the height and weight of the men and women. Researcher found that men and women both were reported, on the average, with small but systematic errors. Researcher found that larger errors were obtained in certain population subgroups. Also researcher found that men and women differed somewhat in the pattern of misreporting. Researcher found that weight was understated by 1.6% by men and 3.1% by women while height was overstated by 1.3% by men and 0.6% by women. Researcher found in the previous studies that the most important correlates of the amount of error were actual measurements of height and weight. Researcher found the interesting finding that misreporting of both height and weight in men was correlated with both aspects of body size, whereas for women, it was related mainly to the characteristic in question. Researcher also found the impact of the some demographic variables such as age and educational level has some importance in the misreporting of the height and weight. Article 5: Instrumental variables and search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments Here, researcher uses the method of instrumental variables. This method was first used in the 1920s for estimation of the supply and demand elasticitys. Again this method was used to correct the measurement error in the single equation models. Currently instrumental variables are widely used for the reduction of the bias from the omitted variables in the estimation of the causal relationships such as the effect of schooling on earnings. Here researcher use the method of randomized experiments for the study of supply and demand. Also researcher study the pattern for the supply and demand. Researcher also conclude that an instrumental variables estimate of the demand elasticity can be constructed by dividing the sample covariance between the log quantity of flaxseed and the yield per acre by the sample covariance between the log price of flaxseed and the yield per acre. This estimate is consistent estimate. This is consistent as long as the yield per acre is uncorrelated with the error in the demand equation and correlated with price. Researcher also found that replacing the yield per acre by the price of substitutes for this calculation, then it generates an instrumental variables estimate of the supply elasticity. References: David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1967 Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 1946 10.Laubach RS, Koschnick K. Using Readability: Formulas for Easy Adult Materials. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1977. SPSS-X Users Guide. 3rd edition. Chicago. IL: SPSS, Inc., 1988. 12.Doak L, Doak C. Patient comprehension profiles: recent findings and strategies. Patient Couns Health Educ. 1980;2:1016. 13.Anthony, R. N. and Herzlinger, R. E. (1980). Management Control in Nonprofit Organizations. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. 14.Balderston, F. E. (1975). Managing Today's University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.