Evolution of penguins :: essays research papers

organic evolution of penguinsFor this evolution project, I choose to research Penguins. The classification for this animal is as follows K Neornithes, P Palaeognathae, C Neognathae, O Pelecaniformes, F Procellariformes, G Graviidae, S Spheniscidae. The offset fossil penguin that was found, is today being held in the British Museum of Natural History. It was reportedly found by an anonymous Maori in New Zealand in 1859 and was named Palaeeudyptes Antarcticus despite the event that the species was located far away from Antarctica. Since that discovery many more fossils were found and were date back to the Miocene earned run average and three others from the Pliocene era. Several fossils were dated to the Late Pliocene era and others from the Recent era. The earliest avian fossil found in the southern hemisphere is said to have existed in the Eocene age somewhat 38-54 million old age ago. There is evidence that at least three of the modern penguins (Aptenodytes, Spheniscus and Pyg oscelis) went extinct within the last 4-5 million old age. The re mainder of the penguins be from 5-40 million long time ago, dating back to the time currently recorded, when penguins evolved from other modern birds. Research suggests that the tallest of these penguins were about 6 feet tall. Penguins did originate from an ancestor that flew some 40 million years ago. The common ancestor is assumed to have been somewhat similar to a modern-day diving petrel or auk in appearance and behavior. The main evolutionary benefit of giving up aerial flight is the improved swimming ability in particular being able to swim cursorily helps in transmitted fish and being able to dive to great depths (studies show that some modern penguins can dive up to 300meters) which greatly increases the stray of food which is obtainable to hunt. Another major influence in the evolution of penguins is likely to have been the availability of vast amounts of food in the ocean. The beak up of the Proto-co ntinent, Gondwanaland, was completed nearly 200,000,000 years ago and left the Antarctic continent completely surrounded by an ocean. The resulting cold currents established in the southern ocean (once the polar cover cap had formed) made them rich in nutrients and then led to the huge amounts of fish and crustaceans in the area.Evolution of penguins essays research papers Evolution of penguinsFor this evolution project, I choose to research Penguins. The classification for this animal is as follows K Neornithes, P Palaeognathae, C Neognathae, O Pelecaniformes, F Procellariformes, G Graviidae, S Spheniscidae. The first fossil penguin that was found, is today being held in the British Museum of Natural History. It was reportedly found by an anonymous Maori in New Zealand in 1859 and was named Palaeeudyptes Antarcticus despite the fact that the species was located far away from Antarctica. Since that discovery many more fossils were found and were dated back to the Miocene era an d three others from the Pliocene era. Several fossils were dated to the Late Pliocene era and others from the Recent era. The earliest avian fossil found in the southern hemisphere is said to have existed in the Eocene age about 38-54 million years ago. There is evidence that at least three of the modern penguins (Aptenodytes, Spheniscus and Pygoscelis) went extinct within the last 4-5 million years. The remainder of the penguins are from 5-40 million years ago, dating back to the time currently recorded, when penguins evolved from other modern birds. Research suggests that the tallest of these penguins were about 6 feet tall. Penguins did originate from an ancestor that flew some 40 million years ago. The common ancestor is assumed to have been somewhat similar to a modern-day diving petrel or auk in appearance and behavior. The main evolutionary advantage of giving up aerial flight is the improved swimming ability in particular being able to swim quickly helps in catching fish and being able to dive to great depths (studies show that some modern penguins can dive up to 300meters) which greatly increases the range of food which is available to hunt. Another major influence in the evolution of penguins is likely to have been the availability of vast amounts of food in the ocean. The beak up of the Proto-continent, Gondwanaland, was completed around 200,000,000 years ago and left the Antarctic continent completely surrounded by an ocean. The resulting cold currents established in the southern ocean (once the polar ice cap had formed) made them rich in nutrients and then led to the huge amounts of fish and crustaceans in the area.

Achilles As Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Achilles As HeroDespite the grand scope of Homers epics--which present warfare, heroism, adventure and divinity as forces that shape human destinyThe Iliad may be seen as an account of the circumstances that irrevocably alter the life of one man Achilles, greatest of warriors. by means of the course of the poem, Achilles goes through many ordeals, which changes his character immensely. One example of such a character change is when he is quarreling with Agamemnon. Achilles and Agamemnon have an extreme amount of latent hostility building between the both of them. Apollo has been wiping out the Achaean army for nine days (years) because of a priests daughter who has been kidnapped. Through some questioning, it is derived that the altogether way Apollo will stop killing the Achaean army is if Ag...

Leveraging Mobile Device Applications for Boeing Travel and Expense Ser

AbstractMore companies are leveraging mobile device applications that integrate with their alert travel and expense systems to provide frequent business travelers with the necessary tools to efficiently book trips and expense their expenditures using mobile devices, thus allowing business travelers to be much productive, which saves the company money. Currently, almost twenty-three thousand Boeing employees have been issued BlackBerry Smartphones. Ninety-percent of these employees make more than one trip per month. Currently, Boeing is not maximizing the use of the BlackBerry Smartphones by using a mobile application for Boeing Travel and disbursement management to decrease costs by allowing employees to be more productive. Since twenty-three thousand employees already have been issued BlackBerry Smartphones we can leverage these devices and implement a mobile device application that integrates with our current Travel and Expense Systems that we have purchased from Concur Tra vel. purchasing a mobile applications solution from Concur Travel will allow Boeing travelers to save time reduce costs increase productivity and better service our customers.I.MOTIVATION Concurs mobile capability will provide Boeing with the perfect solution for employees, managers and executive staff who no longer have to have a bun in the oven until they return to the ofce to complete or approve an expense communicate. Travelers will be able to use the mobile app to take pictures of their receipts and complete expense reports using their BlackBerrys. When they return to the ofce they dont have to sit at a desk all day to do one expense report on paper or come back to the ofce just to approve an expense report 1.The primary drivers for implementing a Concur Tr... ...al%20Report%20-%20Long%20Version.pdf.2 Concur, Concur go across Organization Best-in-Class Travel and Expense Experience, nd. Online. Available http//assets.concur.com/case-studies/medium-large-business-travel- expense-cannon-cochran-management-services.pdf.3 Aberdeen Group, Mobile Technology Filling the Gap in Modern Expense Management, March 2011. Online. Available http//assets.concur.com/whitepaper/mobile-technology.pdf.4 Concur, Concurs Mobile Solution Keeps Growing Motion Picture Exhibitor on the Go, April 2011. Online. Available http//assets.concur.com/case-studies/cinemark-case-study.pdf.5 Concur, Building an Effective Business Case Automating Travel Booking and Expense Reporting Processing, February 2009. Online. Available http//www.travelwise.co.uk/business/downloads/CNQRWP-Building_an_Effective_Business_Case_NA.pdf.

Gone With the Wind Essay -- essays papers

Gone With the Wind This is a film about contrast. In the film clip, lagre hail of contrast can be found between characters, lighting, the way of how contort is presented, the way of how camera being placed, and the way of how shots being taken.Misc-en-Scene From the film clip (and the hale film), the colour image is strong on contrast, not only the colour of the settings, the furnitures, and the costumes, also the colour contrast of indoor and outdoor. In the film clip, the major colour is grayish, the tones contain grayish olive green, grayish blue ( Melanies costume), and grayish brown. It gave the audience an impression of desolated space, like a castle. With a large amount of gloomly shadows of furnitures and stairs, it empasis the sick of the indoor surroundings strongly. The dull tone of indoor settings is different when compare with the outdoor setting. When Melanie announced to the people who were out in the field through the gimmickow, the braw image of th e field outside is a strong contrast to the dull and gloomy image inside the house. This created a feeling of a hidden incident is happened or happening inside the house but the public outside is never known. As the colour concept of people (i.e. audiences) always treated many-sided as joyful, happiness and innocent, and dark, dull, gloomy are always connected with evil, crime and secrets. The costumes are designed to signifly the difference in the personalities of Melanie and Scarlet. The costume of Melanie is a grayish-blue lingerie, an additonal over coat, and the a long plait with an untidy hair, that makes her looks compelety as a peasanty woman. Her pale face and the pair of sunken eyes also suggests she is weak, sick, and need protection. Scarlet is wearing a bright colour one piece dress with patterns, her hair hair looks tidy with a white hair net, her light make up, looks elegant and gamy when compared with Melanie. And also created an impression that she doesn t snuff its to the dismal, gloomy house, she doesnt belong to the working peasant lifestyle. However, she is wearing a pair of old leather shoes which cover by dirt, dry mud and dust, that compensate under her pretty dress. It means even thought she is not belong to there, or she think she is not belong to there, but her birth place, her root is Tara, the place with mud, dust, and p... ... and affecting each other...In the film clip, Scarlet shoot the deserter with no mercy, and then discuss with Melanie how to manage the corpse in a very reality tone, it is just like discussing how to hide a furniture, an object. A conflict with Melanie, she hasnt got any idea of how to solve and hide for this kind of serious crime. But Melanie harp for Scarlet, even thought it is something out of her personality. At that moment they are standing at the same line. Therefore, this is the way of first step up the possibilities of more complexity of the narrative Melanie and Scarlet is no t totally against each other, they still the help from each other, like Scarlet work for Melanie, Melanie lie for Scarlet, they are situated in a very subtle relationship, this is the formation of the the story.Finally, the director described the Northerns are robbers, intruders to the Southerns. This film clip is standing in the drumhead of view of a Southerns. As Southerns are the oppose of liberation the black slave, we can noticed that this film still having the shadow of the white supremeismBibliographyGone with the wind and the sunset(1992) Dr Karen Chen, Meiah Publisher

Who Moved My Cheese? Essay -- Book Reviews Spencer Johnson

Change is one of those unique subjects that earth-closet be perceived differently by e actually one individual. You might ask three people what their personal definition of depart is and receive three different answers. Some people offer very little resistance to change, they consider it the spice of life it prevents stagnancy and maintains excitement through diversity. Some people view change ilk the U.S. viewed Russia during the cold war, as an inevitable threat that we must constantly monitor and prepare for. Other people react to change like an ostrich reacts to danger. They just stick their sharpen in a hole and pretend it doesnt exist. Change is constantly happening all the time to everyone in someway or a nonher. Whether or not change is accepted does not alter the fact that it exists however the way you accept change can alter the way you exist. The book titled, Who Moved My Cheese?, write by Spencer Johnson, M.D. is a parable that reveals how change is dealt with diff erently by individuals. In this story there are four characters, ii mice named Sniff and Scurry and two little people, named Hem and Haw, who are about the size of mice but act and think much like humans. These four characters are in a maze searching for cheese. The cheese is a metaphor for the things that make you happy in life like a successful career, happy marriage, financial security, moneymaking(a) possessions etc. The maze represents where you might be looking for these things for example your company, home, or town. Change plays a key element in this parable. Change happens when the four characters accomplish out of cheese, which was once abundant at their location in the maze. Each of the characters reacts a little differently to this change, some reactions ... ... than not people much like Haw find that their fears are of lesser threat than they have imagined them to be. Many times fear is only a self-contrived obstacle that prevents personal progress. Whether or not c hange is accepted does not alter the fact that it exists however the way you accept change can alter the way you exist. Hems existence was obviously negatively affected by his inability to accept change. The mice quickly moved on to a better existence after accepting change without hesitation. Haw acquire that his hesitation to acceptance of change caused him precious time without cheese. As Haw learned in the parable, accepting change, anticipating change, being aware of change and enjoying change can lead to living a happier and more prosperous life.Works CitedJohnson M.D., Spencer. Who Moved My Cheese?New York G.P. Putmans Sons, 1998,2002

Who Moved My Cheese? Essay -- Book Reviews Spencer Johnson

Change is one of those unique subjects that plenty be perceived differently by any one individual. You might ask three people what their personal definition of tilt is and receive three different answers. Some people offer genuinely little resistance to change, they consider it the spice of life it prevents stagnancy and maintains excitement through diversity. Some people view change worry the U.S. viewed Russia during the cold war, as an inevitable threat that we must constantly monitor and prepare for. Other people react to change like an ostrich reacts to danger. They just stick their judgment in a hole and pretend it doesnt exist. Change is constantly happening all the time to everyone in someway or a nonher. Whether or not change is accepted does not alter the fact that it exists however the way you accept change can alter the way you exist. The book titled, Who Moved My Cheese?, written by Spencer Johnson, M.D. is a parable that reveals how change is dealt with differe ntly by individuals. In this story there are four characters, both mice named Sniff and Scurry and two little people, named Hem and Haw, who are about the size of mice but act and think much like humans. These four characters are in a maze searching for cheese. The cheese is a metaphor for the things that make you happy in life like a successful career, happy marriage, financial security, materialistic possessions etc. The maze represents where you might be looking for these things for example your company, home, or town. Change plays a key element in this parable. Change happens when the four characters transport out of cheese, which was once abundant at their location in the maze. Each of the characters reacts a little differently to this change, some reactions ... ... than not people much like Haw find that their fears are of lesser threat than they have imagined them to be. Many times fear is only a self-contrived obstacle that prevents personal progress. Whether or not chan ge is accepted does not alter the fact that it exists however the way you accept change can alter the way you exist. Hems existence was obviously negatively affected by his inability to accept change. The mice quickly moved on to a better existence after accepting change without hesitation. Haw versed that his hesitation to acceptance of change caused him precious time without cheese. As Haw learned in the parable, accepting change, anticipating change, being aware of change and enjoying change can lead to living a happier and more prosperous life.Works CitedJohnson M.D., Spencer. Who Moved My Cheese?New York G.P. Putmans Sons, 1998,2002

Descriptive VS. Narrative, You Decide Essay

Many think that narrative and descriptive styles of writing are one in the same, but they are not. Although they complement each other for a complete news report you burn downward(a) successfully write using one style without the other. The authors Connell, C.M. & Sole, K. define narrative writing as, Narration is storytelling from the perspective of a narrator, and the story may be true, false, imaginary, or a combination. (2013, chapter 6.3). When you tell a story you want your readers to experience it through your words as if they were there when it happened. Connell, C.M. & Sole, K. define descriptive writing as, Description is a pattern of writing that can be defined as painting pictures with words. (2013, chapter 6.4). A descriptive story leaves no position unrevealed and appeals to all of your senses. When comparing Maya Angelous descriptive poem Caged snigger and Judy Bradys narrative move I Want a married woman, it is loose that there many similarities and differences between the two styles of writing.However, because Maya Angelous poem has descriptive language that appeals to your five dollar bill senses, specific detail descriptions and uses figurative language to compare the strange with something more familiar it makes it a superior piece of literature. In the narrative style essay written by Judy Brady (1971), I Want a Wife, she uses out right sarcasm and exaggeration with a s unclouded humorous tone. This demonstrates her stance on the unrea tiltic demands that were placed on women in that era. She starts off her essay stating I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am A Wife. And, not al-together incidentally, I am a mother (1971). As if beingness a wife and a mother was almost an undesirable task to bear in life. I suppose that in the 1900 century it comely much was to an extent.The stylus Brady goes on to list the expected duties of her wife, makes her sound more like a servant than anything else. She even menti ons her wife performing things like party catering, financially supporting the family and goes so far as to say, I want a wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that soulfulness can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of snap (1971). Bradys narrative essay uses a block arranging structure, with a priority style order. Brady (1971) begins her story by stating, Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought approximately him while I was iron oneevening, it suddenly occurred to me that I, too, would like to save a wife. Why do I want a wife? then she proceeds with an exaggerated list of tasks for her wife to fulfill.From the wife working full time, to caring for her and her children, cooking, cleaning, counseling, playing, pleasing, catering parties, shopping, planning and entertaining, all w hile Brady just goes to school and lives a carefree and extremely egotistical life. In the descriptive poem Caged Bird, written by Maya Angelou in 1983, she uses her talent of vivid and eloquent writing to express her stance on being African-American and living in the United States during segregation and the Civil Rights movement. Although she never actually mentions race in her poem the metaphors that she uses makes it lighten uply evident. Angelou starts her poem talking about a free bird and his arrogance referring to the Caucasian race. According to Angelou (1983) in Caged Bird, she starts off with a free bird riding the winds back, and hes floating as long as the current will take him when he dips his wing in the orange sun rays and has the brass to claim the sky.Now when she goes on to her second stanza she speaks about the African-American race as the caged bird. She writes, But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage can seldom check up on through his bars of hysteria his travel are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his trout to sing (1983). In Angelous poem, she uses a dramatic order in a point-by-point type structure to describe experiences she witnessed as an African-American person living in America. One way that the descriptive is different from the narrative writing is figurative language. Figurative language is the comparison of something unfamiliar to something familiar in order to paint a clear picture. Cages Bird (1983) has a clear example of this in the second stanza, which says, But a bird that stalksdown his narrow cagecan seldom see throughhis bars of ragehis wings are clipped andhis feet are tiedso he opens his throat to sing.From this quote, you can see that the bird stalks down his narrow cage like a prisoner in a cell and the bird can seldom see through his bars of rage alsorefers to a prisoner in a cell. Much like how slaves were imprisoned on the plantations in the south. On the other hand, the narrative essay I Want a Wife does not rely on fugitive language instead it just uses concrete language without the extra detail that appeals to the five senses. Another way descriptive writing is different from narrative writing is the use of specific detail description. It is clearly visible in the fourth stanza of Caged Bird. Angelou (1983) writes, The free bird thinks of another breezeand the great deal winds soft through the sighing trees and the plank worms waiting on a pervade bright lawn and he name calling the sky his own. In her description of the trade winds soft through the sighing trees and the fat worm on the dawn bright lawn.However, in I Want a Wife Brady (1971) merely writes, but without detail. Instead she says, I want a wife who is agood nurturing attendant to my children, who arranges for their schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate favorable life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc.As you see Brady doesnt use specific detail in her writing just simple concrete words. Another spotlight to Angelous writing style was her use of alliteration which is defined in Essentials for College Writing as repetition of initial consonants in words in a series Connell, C.M. & Sole, K. (2013). An example of her alliteration would be, The free bird thinks of another breeze and the trade winds soft through the sighing treesand the fat worms waiting on a dawn bright lawn and he names the sky his own.But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams his vestige shouts on a nightmare scream his wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat to sing.The free bird thinks of another breeze and the trade winds soft through the sighing trees and the fat worms waiting on a dawn bright lawn and he names the caged bird sky his own. But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreamshis shadow shouts on a nightmare scream his wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat to sing. You see it in the trade winds soft through the sighing trees and in his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream (1983). With Angelous careful selection of words you can almost savor the pain and despair of the caged bird as well as see the free bird floating through the air in the warm orange sunlight. Although Brady also uses alliteration she uses mostly the same words which are I Want a Wife Who Will (1971). Then she follows with naming a chore of some kind but mostly cooking or cleaning.In conclusion, when considering which of the two forms of literature was superior to the other, not just for personal preference. I would have to deem the descriptive style of Angelous writing to be a better overall polished piece of work. Not only does it provide all-embracing language to portray its message with detail to the most important parts of its story. Like bringing the characters to life and shining light on important social issues, but also submitting a few subtle details in the technique used to compose the text. Like alliteration and met aphors so that parts of her little(a) poem stick out and stay with you more so than others. I believe the more magnificent and detailed the picture is that your words paint, the more concern it will have on its audience. This is something that she was well aware of, so the way Maya Angelou selected her words helped to give her audience a sense of pathos. It also helped to shine light once again on the views and opinions she felt so strongly about in society.

Policing in Kelsey Essay

The Police Department currently has an annual budget of $16,177,678. With the 15% budget cut, the mayor is requesting from the Police Department, that leaves a juvenile annual budget of $14,235,356, a decrease of $1,941,322. The major change the testament affect the financial cycle of this budget year is the decrease in the hiring of police force officers. The urban center of Kelsey was in the process of hiring 10 new police officials to fill the 10 positions that were open, due to several retiring police officers and few police officers finding opposite employment. Now with the 15% budget cut, the City will not be filling those open positions, because saving the City $1,200,000. New maintenance and vehicle personify will also decrease, since not hiring the new officers. The last fiscal year the City manager allotted $150,000 for 5 new maintenance and vehicles cost for the hiring of the new police officers. As a budget director, I requested a 10% deduction through Police Uni on in wages or freeze the wages until the next fiscal year, because saving $300,000.In addition, cutting 16 paid holidays a year will save the City a total of $400,000. The Police Union Committee advised the Union has only agreed to a 1% pay cut within the next fiscal year, which will save the City $30,000. The Committee has also agreed to 10 paid holidays a year instead of 16. This will save the City an annual $150,000 a year. The Chief of Police has agreed to cut the training by 80%. The City will save an annual budget of $125,000. With these cuts alone, the City will save $1,655,000 alone. Another proposal will cut community events/programs within the Since the City of Kelsey has an increase amount of criminal activity, it is the responsibility of the city to ensure that its citizens atomic number 18 safe. Kelsey should put this as the toppriority of every person on this board to ensure there is additional funding found so that additional police officer can be hired and trained . Police officers from lower crime areas can be moved to the higher crime areas but the police department must ensure there is not an increase of crime in those areas with fewer police officers.

Determining The Sample Design Education Essay

This chapter has every bit chief purpose to look into on the attitude and perceptual fuck off of schoolchilds ab give away a craft in the tourism industry. This chapter will clarify all the procedure for research utilize in this survey, it be from job rendering phase to the aggregation of informations phase. As the research method is inflowing on the findings of a research, on that order is the demand to cargonfully do usage of the puritanical procedure.Research ProcedureThere has been terrible assortment of attacks to research. They all suggest that non all research undertakings follow exactly the same sequence of processs. Specifically to this paper, the stairss to utilize ar adopted from C.R Kothari ( 2004 ) published al-Quran Research Methodology Methods and Techniques for its simpleness. Below are the stairssExplicating the research jobExtensive literature reappraisalFixing the research blueprintDetermining the taste designRoll uping the informationExecution of the undertakingAnalysis of informationsPreparation of study3.1 Problem FormulationWhy is it that despite shiping on a tourism instruction trek, tourism savants incorporating the industry for a calling is one of the chief challenges confronting the sector? The point is why they commit themselves to the plan from the beginning till the terminal, to eventually choosing come forth of a touristry calling. So this paper aims at supplying a better apprehension of the different factors that may act upon their attitude about such a calling.3.1.1 Research AimsTo snap up a sight about whether touristry bookmans of University of Mauritius will be be aftering to foster their callings in the Tourism Industry after a 3 A? class in Tourism, Leisure and Recreation ManagementAssess the variables impacting students pick to incorporate the industryAnalyze differences in the sentiment of two different groups of undergrad pupils follow throughd pupils v/s not experient pupilsIdentify how touristry undergrad of the University of Mauritius perceive the Tourism Industry as an employer3.1.2 Research QuestionsWhat is the influence of pupil s sensed genius of work in the touristry industry on their attitude and perceptual run into towards a touristry calling?How does pupil s perceptual experience of societal smirch in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling?How does pupil s perceptual experience of advancement chances in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling?How does pupil s perceptual experience of wage and benefits in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling?How does pupil s perceptual experience of physical working office in the touristry industry act upon their attitude and perceptual experience towards a touristry calling?3.1.3 Research HypothesesHypothesis testing is concerned with the job of finding whether or non, a line of reasoning about the chance distribution of informations, is consistent with the available sample grounds. For the clothed of this survey, hypotheses have been developed following the premise of them being the most important determiners for pupils perceptual experience towards the touristry industry. A conceptual model is proposed to graphically show the hypotheses.Hypothesis One Nature of work and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Nature of work has proved to be a major determiner in pupils attitude harmonizing to old research. Low wage rate and unsociable working hours has been lending to nature of work being as important. Harmonizing to Parsons & A Care ( 1991 ) , those two component may negatively impact origin satisfaction and theme of undergraduates, forcing them out of the industry. Following that review the undermentioned statement for the survey is deducedH0 There is no important resemblanceship betwixt nature of work and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.H1 There is important negative relationship between nature of work and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis cardinal Social position and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Social position is defined as the award and prestigiousness affiliated to one s orient in a society from a sociological or anthropology point of position ( one s societal place ) . There are two ways how one can gain their societal position. One can have it through his ain accomplishment which is termed as accomplishment position or one can have it by their inherited place which is called ascribed position. The society stratification system is the system which determines the societal position of persons within a society.It has been found that societal position is associ ated with peculiar businesss within a broad society and this derived from a assortment of occupational factors such as the socially constructed value attributed to the accomplishments present in the business and the place in the labor market occupied by the type of work force and the nature of the work itself ( Watson, 1995, p. 202 ) . Status is considered of import for an employee being satisfied with his occupation and it is considered of import among forces ( Chellen & A Nunkoo, 2010 ) . This could along impact on employees committedness to their work. Tourism occupations have kind of have low position. It has been considered non suited for adult female and inferior as compared to other sectors for males ( Chellen & A Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Such critics have led to a negative perceptual experience of the sector by possible recruits hence making that challenge presently confronting the industry. Out of this, it has been expect that societal position weighs rather heavy at act upon ing pupils where the undermentioned statements are setH0 There is no important relationship between societal position and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.H2 There is important relationship between societal position and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis Three Physical Working reason and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.The on the job status is here concentrating on the working environment, the comfortss, noise distributor point and grade of safety or danger involved while set abouting a touristry occupation. In several surveies, physical working status scored a grade below demand in the trial for internal consistence and dependability under Cronbach s alpha. But still, Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) in his determiners to prove for attitude of pupils include working status and it has proved to burden well. Includ ed in most surveies, hunts have found that it contributes negatively to the image of the industry. Cloakroom, bathrooms and eating halls of workers are more likely negatively rated. Following this, it has been assumed that working status is a possible factor act uponing pupil attitudes, therefore the undermentioned statementsH0 There is no important relationship between physical working status and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.H3 There is important relationship between physical status and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Hypothesis Four Wage and benefits, and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.By and large talking, people look for a occupation to bring out a wage at the terminal of the twenty-four hours. For touristry endeavors, pay demand to be devised in the proper construction so that it worth the approach put in a o ccupation. Fringe benefits are progressively deriving importance towards today employees. A combination of the two in a proper designed construction should ease attractive force and keeping of possible recruits for the touristry industry. A proper wages system will heighten the motive of workers already working, therefore impacting on the quality of service bringing. The employee needs on his side to set the needed attempt and utilize the proper accomplishments to cover with the occupation reflecting the wage degree. Harmonizing to Tank ( 1990 ) people by and large leave constitutions because of dissatisfaction with salary mobbing from equals or higher-ups, dissension with human resources direction policies ( Chellen & A Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Following the above, it can be assumed that wage and benefits are cardinal determiners on pupils attitude for a touristry calling, therefore the statements proposed belowH0 There is no important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.H3 There is important relationship between wage and benefits, and pupil s attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industryHypothesis Five Promotion and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.For the coevals Y, turning in an endeavor is of import. Opportunities for growing are the characteristic people looking for while seeking a occupation in the current employment state of affairs and the ground behind are largely increased wage and other personal aims. Generation Y alumnuss are really ambitious and they want to mount up the direction ladder fast, that is why they are loath to come in endeavors offering small publicity chances. In conditions where publicity is unjust, they tend to travel to other sectors where it is instead based on virtue, which enhance their satisfaction as a worker. Therefore, consequently, publicity chances are assumed to be of import for determining student attitude and the statements that followH0 There is no important relationship between publicity chances and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.H4 There is important relationship between publicity chances and pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry.Social StatusNature of WorkH2H1Students attitude and perceptual experience of a touristry callingPromotion OpportunitiesPhysical Working ConditionH3H4H5Pay and BenefitsFigure 1 Proposed Model with the Hypothe size of itd Relationships3.2 Extensive Literature ReviewIn position of geting both theoretical and practical erudition about the subject under survey, a round reading on the topic was done through several beginnings. Further reading was done on the theory applicable to the survey.The chief beginning to make relevant information for understanding the topic, were the academic diaries on the cyberspace, via Emerald and Ebsco library made available to pupils by the university library. Further articles were available on the Google web site. Readings, increased cognition and informations gathered aid invent the proper hypotheses and design the equal questionnaire. Therefore placing the relevant literatures was of import for the proper running of the survey.3.3 Determine Research DesignResearch design constitutes the blue-print for aggregation, measuring, and outline of informations. In other words, research design involves the development of the overall program to associate the conceptual research job to the empirical research ( Ghauri et al, 1995 ) . In relation to this survey, both soft and quantitative research method will be used.3.3.1 Qualitative ResearchQualitative research is carried out for the intent of depicting, researching, and explicating the phenomena being studied. A tool for qualitative research that fits in this paper is the explorative research.E xploratory ResearchExploratory research is portion of the qualitative method of research and for the current survey, the explorative signifier of research in in the signifier of literature reappraisal.Literature reappraisalA literature reappraisal is an history of what has been published on a subject by commissioned bookmans and research workers. Literature reappraisal was carried out for this paper to garner relevant information and the positions of different writers refering to the research topic. Information was gathered largely about the factors act uponing pupils attitude, the theory that could be adapted ( supposition of planned behavior ) , touristry instruction and internship as portion of the touristry course of study.3.3.2 Quantitative ResearchA quantitative attack is one in which the research worker chiefly uses post-positivist claims for developing cognition ( i.e. cause and consequence thought, decrease to specific variables and hypotheses and inquiries, usage of meas uring and observation, and the trial of theories ) ( Creswell, 2003 ) . To manage the quantitative research, a self-administered questionnaire ( a descriptive method ) will be used as it is the most appropriate instrument to roll up primary informations and earlier likely surveies besides used the same technique ( Jenkins, 2001 Purcell & A Quinn, 1996 ) . Questionnaire has every bit advantage to let a big figure of respondents and is less colored and intrusive than other methods ( Brunt, 1997 Chellen & A Nunkoo, 2010 ) ) . Furthermore, it is cheaper and quicker ( Veal, 1998, p. 146 ) and respondents will experience at easiness as they can finish it at their ain gait.To plan the questionnaire some inquiries were borrowed from literatures in the field. The inquiries are in peculiar the statements used to plan the questionnaire ( Chellen & A Nunkoo, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Czaja and Blair ( 2005 ) , borrowing or accommodating inquiries is allowed and could help this research in many ways ( Chellen & A Nunkoo ) .3.4 Determine pattern Unit and Sample SizeSampling is the procedure by which persons belonging to a larger mark population are selected for survey ( Martin, 2010 ) . Underliing the survey of pupils attitude and perceptual experience towards a calling in the touristry industry, the paper will hold as mark population, pupils of the University of Mauritius still undergoing the course of study.For the intent of the research, informations will be unruffled from a selected sample and the sample size for this research will be the whole figure of undergraduate full-timer touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius. Due to the little size of the mark population, it is more dependable to study all the pupils, at all academic degree. Table 1 below inside informations the figure of registered touristry pupils at the University of Mauritius.Academic degreeNumber of pupils143233353450Entire179Table 2 Number of pupils as per different academic degreeBeginn ing Register of the Faculty of Law and ManagementIt is to be noted that pupils of twelvemonth three were really on internship as per the demand of the course of study, on the start of their 3rd twelvemonth. Thus upon the technique opted to roll up information ( the questionnaire ) , 3rd twelvemonth touristry pupils unless those holding reseat faculties, were excluded from the sample as they were out of range.3.5 Pilot TestingPrior to administering the questionnaires to the possible respondents, the questionnaire was pilot tried to prove the relevancy and pertinence of the instrument in the Mauritanian context. As a effect the questionnaire was revised and lissom for the study. The questionnaire was pre-tested through 10 respondents from the top-up touristry pupils at the university itself. Upon aggregation the information, three inquiries needed to be added to subdivision B to increase the significance of proving work experience. The respondents qualified the questionnaire as bein g easy to make full and the English linguistic communication rather simplistic. It took the respondents about 10 proceedingss to finish the questionnaire.3.6 Data CollectionDatas required for this paper lies in both primary and secondary informations. As primary informations, information will be collected from a self-administered questionnaire with a multi-dimensional and multi-item attitude graduated table tested and used by Kusluvan and Kusluvan ( 2000 ) followed by Aksu and Koksa ( 2005 ) , while for secondary beginning, informations will be largely collected from relevant academic diaries and cyberspace web sites. The relevant questionnaires were distributed among the undergraduate pupils at the university itself, whichever the academic degree.3.7 Questionnaire StructureThe questionnaire has every bit purpose to garner information about and sentiment of a group of people who are under survey. For the intent of this paper, a self-administered questionnaire is used which consists of 2 ( A & A B ) subdivisions, viz. Consists of 9 ( 1-9 ) parts, reciting the 9 factors developed and tested by Kusluvan & A Kusluvan ( 2000 ) each and every, followed by the relevant inquiries to ease informations aggregation.Section AConsists of inquiries to garner the socio-demographic information of the respondents.Section BFigure 3 Questionnaire Structure3.7.1 Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire consists of two parts as mentioned above. Section A is subdivided into 9 elements and under each component there is a set of inquiries that allow that for informations aggregation while subdivision B comprises of 9 inquiries. Both dichotomous and multichotomous inquiries will be used to roll up required information. For multichotomous inquiries in subdivision A, based on old surveies, a 5 point likert scale type of evaluation is used. The evaluation is as follows powerfully DisagreeDisagreeImpersonalAgreeStrongly AgreeHarmonizing to Ross ( 1995 ) , David & A Tideswell ( 1998 ) , B loomquist ( 1998 ) , Okeiyi & A Bryant ( 1998 ) and Fraser ( 2000 ) , most researcher believe that 5 or 7 point graduated table is most appropriate to mensurate attitude and committedness, unlike the assorted other measuring methods.For the 2nd subdivision of the questionnaire, largely dichotomous inquiries are used the Yes No inquiries. The inquiries were designed to roll up socio-demographic information of the respondents consisting significantly of pupils experience.3.8 Execution of the undertakingAs the questionnaire design was completed and approved, the questionnaire was distributed amongst the full clip TLR pupils of their several academic degree at the University of Mauritius during the month of October. To maximise response rate, the category representatives of each academic degree provided their aid upon distribution and guaranting completion of the questionnaires. They were geared to assist for the aggregation of the questionnaire as when the pupils were done with the m.3.9 Data AnalysisOnce collected, all quantitative informations were analyzed utilizing the SPSS ( 16.0 ) . Answers were encoded for usage in the SPSS and tabular arraies, charts and figures derived from the analysis will be of usage for the analysis presentation.3.10 Preparation of ReportThe blend in measure in the research procedure is the study readying. It is where, consequences obtained through the study, are used to exemplify the chief findings of the research undertaking. The findings moreover, allows for reading on the attitude and perceptual experience of the pupils at the university on a touristry calling.3.11 Limitation of StudyRestrictions enveloping this survey are chiefly clip and fiscal restraints. Furthermore, the research was geared towards University of Mauritius pupils merely, therefore restricting this survey to be representative of the overall group of touristry pupils in Mauritius. There are other establishments, secondary and third, either public or private offering touristry instruction plans. As the research is limited to University of Mauritius pupils, the findings would non be important to other pupils from other establishments, therefore to the industry in a holistic consideration. Finally, 3rd twelvemonth pupils, were non built-in of the survey since they were all on internship which is portion and partial of the 3rd twelvemonth course of study. This has brought the population of survey to be restricted figure wise.

American Revolutionary War Essay

Abraham capital of Nebraska, the 16th President of the United States, gave the now-famous Gettysburg organise destination on November 9, 1863 during the American polite War. The Gettysburg Address, only two-hundred and seventy-two (272) words and estimated to know lasted only two-three minutes, was capital of Nebraskas way of encouraging the American commonwealth to maintain their supporting for the Civil War. The speech was, however, somewhat much more than war. Lincoln delivered the speech to emphasise American ideals of freedom, justice and equation for all people tenets central to Americas origins, develop manpowert and future.This essay will provide the following 1. ) the American revolutionist War, the Declaration of Independence and their influence on the Gettysburg Address, 2. ) the importance of the Gettysburg Address during the Civil War era, and 3. ) the relevance of the Gettysburg Address during the 20th and 21st centuries. While the Gettysburg Address was piteo us in length, it refers to Americas great history based on the struggle for civil liberties. For example, some European explorers traveled to the Americas in search of riches in the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s while others sought religious and political freedoms.By the 1700s, thirteen British colonies were established in North America. In 1770s, colonists rebelled against British rule and started the American Revolutionary War. In 1776, colonial leaders drafted the Declaration of Independence. This docu manpowert declared the original thirteen states free from British rule. It also emphasized the colonial beliefs in individual rights and the equality of men with following We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain infrangible Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Lincoln referred to the Declaration of Independence in the Gettysburg Address. He used it to justify that the United States of America was created based on the principles of equality and freedom. Because of Americas origins, Lincoln argued that all people were created equal, and that the government of the United States existed to protect the rights of all Americans.Lincoln stated, Four ground level and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. In that statement, Lincoln compared the Civil War to the American Revolutionary War. He suggested that the two wars were both based on the pursuit of freedom and equality for all, and that the Civil War was necessary because of that. He also emphasizes here the importance of preserving the United States Government, which exists to protect the rights of all Americans.Lincolns referral to the Declaration o f Independence in his speech was non only a reference to the importance of Americas history. It was also a plea to his audience during the Civil War Era. The Civil War, begun in 1861 with South Carolinas secession from the Union, was primarily a battle over the right to continue the practice of slavery. American slavery forced people of African origin to provide free labor. It also denied people of African origins basic rights.Slavery was the basis for the economy in most southern states. In many northern states, slavery had been outlawed and was seen as unjust. Thus, the issue of slavery divided the United States. As a result, Lincoln used the Gettysburg Address to bring forward Americans to fight to preserve the united States. According to Lincoln, the United States was based upon freedom and equality, and that our government was created to protect the rights of its citizens, regardless of their race or religion.He stated in the Gettysburg Address Now we are engaged in a great c ivil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedomand that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Lincoln also used the Gettysburg Address to encourage continued support of the Civil War when the American public was exhausted by the horrors of war.Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania at the fealty of the Soldiers National Cemetery. This ceremony commemorated the Battle at Gettysburg, which occurred in July 1863 and resulted in more than 7,000 deaths, more casualties than any other Civil War skirmish. The Battle at Gettysburg was a turning point in the war, weakening the Confederacy. Because of the large number of deaths, Lincoln also utilized the Gettysburg Address as a way to memorialize those who had muddled their lives. He stated We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to de dicate a portion of that field, as a final resting tail for those who here gave their lives that that nation might liveIt is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before usthat from these recognize dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotionthat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain Thus, Lincoln appealed to the American public, asking them to support the Civil War to protect individual freedoms, to preserve the nation, and also in remembrance of the men who lost their lives during and as a result of the war.Lincolns Gettysburg Address had origins in the American Revolutionary War in the 1770s, was created to gain public support of the Civil War in the 1860s. It has also been used repeatedly in the 20th and 21st centuries to promote American ideals of freedom and equality. One of the most storied examples of this is Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. s I Have a Dream speech . King was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, which was designed to shake off blacks the same rights as whites like the right to vote, the right to go to different public places, etc.King gave his I Have a Dream speech in 1963 in Washington, DC before more than two hundred thousand (200,000) people, and referred to President Abraham Lincoln and his Gettysburg Address speech. King stated Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation In conclusion, Lincolns Gettysburg Address was not only important historically, but it is relevant today. His speech was about two concepts. First, he promoted the belief that all people were created equal and deserve the same rights and freedoms.Second, he promoted the idea that our government, and thus our country, is worth preserving because both exist to protect those rights and freedoms we all deserve. The fight for equality in our country still exist s while it is less about race and more about simple economics. Lincolns speech summed it up it doesnt matter what you look like, how much money you have, or your educational level all people are created equal. And, our government exists simply to protect that concept.

Comparison of the Japanese and American Cultures

Comparison of Nipponese and the Statesn destination Abstract There atomic number 18 some interesting issues engaging g conclusi wholenessr and cultural diversity in non- vocal colloquy. It begins by looking over gender variations in body language and the different uses of gestures and posture in comparing the Nipponese and American socializations. Nonverbal communication is used in all social settings. Many times sign(a) communication is not seen for its real definition. In this period of internationalization the American instruction method is unequipped to handle successfully with the latest realism of a mutually dependent national country.American procreation is lagging at the end of the charts of Japans developed nation. Americas procreation needs to be retransformed to suit the needs of a rising nationalized financial system. Nowadays, humanitarians leave inspirations of achieving the maximum level of knowledge and they know it is vitally important for them to be succ essful. The steady declining of the American instructional method the expectation for a victorious outlook for many appear desolate.The mentation behind educational curriculums within schools must not only position onward the capability to master reading and comprehension skills, writing skills and mathematical and statistical problem solving, but also get each student ready from the radical, middle, and high school levels with skills in understanding the highly skilled requirements in the terrestrial working world. Comparison of Japanese and American Culture All societies differ among different cultures. Their cultures differ done customs, and education. A comparison of Japanese and American culture reveals a wide range of societal differences.Japanese culture is not al agencys simple to comprehend, assessing it from an external point of view. The Japanese are a unequivocally homogenous country. Japan has been secluded by natural features and by preference of their own, that mo derately hardly any outsiders reside in Japan. A culture annotation that the Japanese discover in America is their recognize traditions. Although the greeting is one of the easiest ways for man-kind to communicate, both countries intromit diverse ways of addressing one another. Three differences include arrival, self-introduction, and leaving.The focal rationale for the diversity is that Americans exercise spoken gestures and the Japanese use unspoken gestures. Cultural beliefs offer implication to individual awareness of who does what to whom wherever. Nonetheless, the outcome of the different actions intended at oneself has been scientifically analyzed. Cross-cultural differentiations in generating a signification of self-fulfillment or self-actualization are communicated through feeling, labeling and fontistic attribution. The process of self-introduction varies between America and Japan.Americans are quick to find a discussion regarding their private matters. Americans us ually converse about their relatives, spouses, or themselves. The Japanese prefer a more deplorable key method. Japanese people are akin to chat about where they belong. For example, what school or university they attend, what in that respect major is, or what type of club they have joined. Leaving a place or being in the American and the Japanese cultures depend on whether people are close in propinquity or far absent(predicate). Americans seem to say bye for either situation. Some Americans give a hug or a kiss when they leave one another.Unlike Americans, who immediately say goodbye, commonly Japanese build a trivial bow and glance back several times while waving their hand. Amongst the varied farewells, every Japanese individual who resides in America is shocked when they receive a embrace from an American, and they believe Americans are sappy. Japanese sense gimcrack when Americans say bye and immediately leave. The variations in greetings are that the Americans prefer t o be verbal and the Japanese prefer to be nonverbal. Americans are quick to exercise the verbal, so Americans say Hi or How are you? Even people who are strangers say How is it going? Japanese people who arrive in America are puzzled whether they should react or be quiet. Japanese believe Americans are friendly and rejuvenating. Japanese people are likely to communicate a nonverbal language. Many Japanese just make a bow with a smile indicating respect. Usually, young people have to make a deep bow for their superiors. Not only gesture but also voice and countenance are very significant. Every American who is in Japan feels uncomfortable at first because they are not used to Japanese customs.Normally, we anticipate conversing face to face than when conversing obliquely, for example through letters. Nonverbal communication, such as ones appearance, quality of voice, facial appearance, and body language all present additional information that enhances ones understanding. Nevertheless , when cultural diversity is engaged, this extra information can root added misunderstanding. physical structure languages are an essential part of greetings. Japanese usually bow as they articulate their greetings and Americans extend their arms for shingles in the form of a greeting.Mainly Japanese who are accustomed with the global view are familiar to handshakes, but when it comes to embracing hugs and extending kisses very little Japanese identify the acts and manners implicated. Even with handshake greetings it can be uncomfortable since a lot of them are not capable of withholding bows while they extend shake hands. Bowing is an essential way of greeting and politeness for the Japanese. It allows them to acknowledge one another without invading each others personal space Americans do not take that into consideration when they are greeting each other.It also allows them to greet each other at a distance, whenever a verbal greeting is not practical. It foreshadows words in th e vivid expressions of emotions. The Japanese feel that if they lose it, it would be like losing part of their courteousness. Making eye contact can be culture dependent. Americans might become uncomfortable when talk of the town to their Japanese associates, who often do not control and maintain good eye contact during conservation. For example, Japanese would become angry if an American that was driving looked away from the traffic to make conversation with their passenger.Even and continuous communication is more than understanding words and etiquette. The tempo of communication seems to fluctuate amongst America and Japan. Regularly, Americans talk relentlessly. but Japanese continue gentler, pausing from time to time to evaluate the circumstances or to let the quietness speak for itself. Whenever English is the preferred language, the Americans have a inclination to speak without having to pause and can simply devastate the Japanese, whose English aptitude is probably not el evated sufficiently enough to listen in and at the same time think of what to say next.Often the Japanese businessmen use an interpreter to avoid those types of situations. In contrast, Americans seem to get nervous when Japanese pause in conservation and their break in conversation seem like eternity before they continue speaking. To many Japanese, Americans seem to rely a lot on drawn out verbal dialogue where a simple chart or table is adequate. Conventionally, the Japanese rather brief verbal expressions. In fact, telling one they are skillful with words could be can be seen as a bad compliment, and referred to as being underhanded. give tongue to pitch plays a significant sociocultural role in the expression of emotion and politeness in conversational speech. (Yuasa 2008) The theory that the entire Japanese common connection is modeled after the mother and minor bond sets a tone for their country. The outcomes of affect and power models imply a multifaceted picture where juve nile American boys are taught to be self-sufficient, but juvenile American girls are pushed to exhibit dependence.Mothers that raise children in America try to validate their character through most favorable actions with kids who operate beyond a normal childs character produce boys that fight back and girls who are passive if they follow the Japanese rules of character development. The mother of an American child conforms her character as a mother by teaching her youngster to be independent. The mother of a Japanese child has the nurturing spirit to carry and hug their child as a way of showing their love. The Japanese model imitates the over controlling and overly understanding memory access of native Japanese mothers.The Japanese mother who oversees or observes her child is given an incentive with distinctive characteristics validating reactions like hanging on to and supplying cover from the youngster not expected for mothers and kids in the United States. Japan and the United States are eagerly focused on education. Both homelands focus on education as a shared accountability of the nation. Even though there are many comparisons, there are also differences among American and Japanese missions and visions of education, and there positions are aimed in different paths of transformation in both homelands. Schooling is also obligatory for both countries.In the United States most children begin primary education with kindergarten and depending on the district prerequisites they complete their education in their senior year of high school. Since Americans are actively creating universal goals and targets, increasing and utilizing additional standardise tests for all scholars, and shifting in the direction of traditional based school improvement the Japanese appear to want the reverse unassembled standardized standards, shifting away from the anxiety of nationalized examinations, and centering more attention on the creativeness and possibilities of each schol ar.This is an objective that has frequently been disregarded in Japanese culture and the education reflections. Japans education method allows teachers to inspire students learning throughout their well organized programs of study, securely joined together through all subject matters, that connects students and fabricates well-built classroom affiliations. Complete melt group teaching aids Japanese schools to encourage their students by highlighting exertion over aptitude, connecting students, constructing well-built classroom associations, and uniting students under a common objective. popular functions focused on the gender separation of hard work among a male wage earner and a female head of household have become defying in several current industrialized homelands by transforming womens communal outlooks. A convergence of trends, including increasing female wages and employment rates, change magnitude fertility and family size, rising divorce rates and numbers of female-headed households, and increasing education and participation in womens movements, have undermined many of the incentives and requirements of a traditional family organisation (Mason and Lu 1988). References 1. What Japan Thinks of Us a Nation of Crybabies? Newsweek April 2, 1990 2. Doi, T. (1996) Foreward Pp. Xv-xvii in D. W. Shwalb and B. J. Shwalb (editors), Japanese childrearing Two generations of scholarship, New York The Guilford Press. 3. Mason, Karen O. and Yu-Hsia Lu. 1988. Attitudes Toward Womens Familial Roles Changes in the United States, 1977- 1985. 4. Osgood, C. E. , W. H. May, and M. S. Miron. 1975. Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Urbana University of Illinois Press. 5. Yuasa, I. 2008. Culture and gender of voice pitch a sociophonetic comparison of the Japanese and Americans, 2009. Equinox Publishing Limited Questia. com

America: the Melting Pot? Essay

The Melting Pot? For as far back as history books go in that location stick aroundrain been stories ab knocked out(p) peck moving from one place to another(prenominal). Immigration is defined as the movement of race from one country to another for the sole end of a stable residence. The United States of America has always been known as the melting pot of the world. Now our country is being faced with people nerve-wracking to come here smuggledly and it is creating an argument between legal citizens.Do we allow these people to come here and progress their reams real like our ancestors did, or do we take every measure we brush off to keep them out? While doing research I found that there atomic number 18 m any(prenominal) people who are very a comest culpable immigration. They believe that the people who wish to become citizens need to go through a very vigorous process to gain citizenship. After the attacks on our country, and the ongoing war, many citizens are on their gu ard. It is very intemperately to feel safe in such an imperfect world.Many people are scared of what will come and even more terrified that if it happened once that it will happen again. Since many people re so afraid, they motivation homeland security to be increased along the countries boarders, better background checks on workers, and harsher punishments for the employers who hire the illegal aliens when they know that the workers do not have the decent paper work and are not legal citizens. On the other side of the argument, some Americans feel that it is wrong to punish these people who are and trying to improve their lives, and the lives of their families.They believe that America was based on a dream, the same dream that our ancestors had when they came here looking for a better future, rightful(prenominal) as the people that are llegally trying to get into the country want to do. This does not mean that these people support how the immigrants are trying to get around th e system, Just that they should be given a better chance at gaining their citizenship. They want the government to help the immigrants who cannot afford to go about gaining their citizenship legally.This so opens up another argument of who will end up paying for their citizenship, and why should natural born citizens have to pay for others to come into our country, take what few Job opportunities there are left and in the long run, over-populate the country. When choosing a new country to live in, people travel to many places to find the perfect fit. Many countries are not as open and accepting to immigrants as the US is, so that is where they decide to make a new home. While many immigrants look upon the U. S. to make their dreams come true, there are many people who try to come here illegally.These illegal immigrants are often called aliens they also share the same consents and dreams of approach shot to America for a new life, but cross the border without the proper permission . Many reasons they have obstruction crossing the or cannot afford it. They are impelled to get here to create a better life for themselves, which then creates a problem for America. The Department of Homeland Security estimated in December 2003 and that 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens resided in the U. S. and 700,000 new illegal aliens enter and stay each year.Many Americans fear that since there is such a great amount of people coming into our country that they will take Jobs and cost our citizens more money. Apologist try to make it seem like illegal immigration is a victimless crime, however others find that that this is a serious problem that causes substantial harm to American citizens. Public funds are being greatly drained because of illegal immigration. The quality of education, health care and other services for Americans are undermined by the needs of endless numbers of poor, unskilled illegal entrants. other great fear of many citizens is that the presence furni shes of an opportunity for terrorism. With these immigrants sneaking in, being unnoticed it makes it difficult for our government to know whom posses a threat to our society. Most illegal immigrants except come here to improve their lifestyle and to get work. However, it is feared that if terrorists see how easy it is to come in to America nnoticed, that they will do the same and that only means bad things for the safety of our countrys citizens. Some people think that the government should give all illegal immigrants legal status to bring them out of the shadows.Others then fear if we show openness and such accommodation to people who have illegally crossed our boarder that it will send the wrong message to the rest of the world that we condone illegal immigration. This then creates an even bigger problem that America will be forced to face forever. Some citizens feel that it is hard for them to create an opinion on this issue when it has not directly affected them. I am one of th ose. I have never had any difficulty getting housing, or a Job because of illegal immigrants. The area that I am from does not have any issues with employers hiring people with forged papers, or any of the sorts.However, after doing all of the research I find myself torn between both sides of the argument. I do not believe that people from other countries should be allowed to cross our border, without our governments knowledge. It is for the safety of the American people that officials know who is in our country and who may pose a threat. Also, it seems as though handing out free passes to those who have already come ere illegally is a way to try and make the situation go away, and that is never a good solution. superstar cannot blame people for trying to escape a bad life.America prides itself on the freedom it gives its people. Our fore fathers created this country on a belief that if a person does not agree with the government of his or her country that they should be able to le ave that country to live in a place where they can believe what they want to believe, and become anything they want to become. A lot of early immigrants came to this country with hardly any money to spare they came on a hope and a wish hat coming here would create a better life for them, their children, and their childrens children.

Mattel’s Toy Recall And Supply Chain Management Essay

Why do firms contract overseas for production of products they sell? serve well The firms contract overseas for production of the products they sell to gain certain advantages from the different countries. One of the biggest advantages is cut-price perseverance that cut down the cost of the products. To get the advantage of the cheap fuel prices and raw materials to make the products at effective cost. The companies spate get the tax benefits and other government policy advantages by producing their products at overseas. The companies can besides get the lower cost suppliers from different countries. The troupe can get the advantage of cash fluctuation to produce the products at lower currency rate.What were the particular causes of Mattels rec alone problems?Answer there were several causes for Mattels toy recall. But the primary causes atomic number 18 problems in manufacturing, design and usage. Manufacturing Problems One primary problem is the use of excessive perish pa int in toys. Lead was commonly utilise in paint. However, it is a neurotoxin and is harmful to developing brains in children. Repeated exposure can cause wicked brain damage. Design problems A second cause for recall was defect in product design. That was the termination of increasing use of small powerful magnets in childrens toys. If the designs of these toys were deficient and did not adequately incase the magnets, they could become dislodged and swallowed by the children. When a child ingested more than one magnet, the ingested magnet could be bind unitedly across intestinal folds, eventually perforating the intestine and causing serious injury or death. Product twist around Some recalls were due to the potential for misuse. Some features of the toys generally were not a cause for concern if children used the toy in intended way, but children often found creative ways to play that were not anticipated by designers.So, if potential danger was brought to thecompanys attentio n, the toy might be beat to recall. What actions taken by whom to deal with the recall problems? Do you think these actions were the right one? Why or why not? Answer In early July 2007, one of the Mattels European retailer discover excessive lead on some of the companys toys. Mattel stopped production and launched investigation of the problem. The company received data that convinced that recall is necessary. In fearful Mattel announced voluntary recall of 83 Fisher-Price products sold from May 1 to August 1, 2007. The recall involved about 1.5 million toys worldwide. Two-third of the toys were pulled from inventory forwards they reached retail customers. After first recall Mattel announced second voluntary recall for toys with excessive lead content. The recall involved 436,000 toys worldwide. After the second recall Mattel announced to recall the Sarge toy cars, an expansion of to begin with recall due to small magnets.It recalled 18.2 million toys worldwide. All of the toy s recalled had been manufactured in China. Two weeks after the August 2nd recall, the owner of the Chinese factory that used the lead paint committed suicide. According to my opinion, the actions taken by Mattel were absolutely right. Mattel has been criticized heavily for having to recall not once but twice in as many weeks 20 million toys manufactured in China with lead paint and/or loose, potentially dangerous magnets. Clearly Mattel did not have sufficiently tight part control procedures in its translate chain to compensate for the extra risks of outsourcing to relatively new Chinese subcontractors.Clearly there were design flaws in the toys with the magnets that could come loose. Though the recall of the products had created serious problems for Mattel and for manufacturers of China, the products were highly dangerous for the children which needed serious concern. But the coercive point was both the Governments of China and U.S. tightened the rules regarding product safety. They also raised the product quality standards and product testing. The chief executive officer of the Mattel had taken personal charge of the situation. He has apologized publicly and taken immediate steps to tighten quality assurance requirements on Mattels suppliers.What should Mattel do now? What should China do now?Answer Mattel has set about a series of difficult and potentially crippling challenges, including the lawsuits. Mattel should attempt to rectify its mistakes and to prevent future mistakes as well. Mattel should work hard forrestoring goodwill and faith in its brands, even as it continues to be plagued with residual discredit over the lead paint scandal. Mattel should upgrade its safety standards and quality control. Mattel should be careful for approaching worldwide bring home the bacon chain management strategies. Mattel should make sure its Chinese suppliers operate ethically, including treating their workers fairly. Whereas Mattel can do arbitrarily test fi nished toys, as it should now test every single batch of toys produced. Safety checks should also get beefed up at the supplier and subcontractor level prior to the finishing of the product. Reputations are hard win and easily lost, but Mattel should appear to be steadfast in its commitment to restoring its reputation. After the recall by Mattel, Chinas export manufacturing sector, an important factor driving countrys economic growth, had been soused by suffering highly visible problems.The made in china brand was in actual danger. At that point China needed to prove that they could produce products to the quality and safety standards expected by the rest of the world. China should ask companies to hire full time chation staff and allow their customers to inspect their plants. China should enforce quality licensing system for product exports. Chinese agency should increase efforts to certify exporters and should poorly punish and blacklist the companies that fail to meet perfor mance requirements. Though Mattel had taken full responsibility for these recalls and apologizes personally to the Chinese people and all of their customers who received the toys, China was fighting with the brand image in the supranational market. How can accountability be increased and better managed when production is moved overseas to other firms in the supply chain?Answer There are many criticisms levelled at multinational organizations for choosing to relocate their manufacturing trading operations from domestic markets in developed countries to developing countries many thousands of miles away. Suspicion is often focused on cheap labor and possibly lower or less enforced health, safety and environmental legislation all contributing to lower production costs. But to increase accountability and better production management at overseas the company needs to have law inventories, flexible manufacturing and close relationship with suppliers and customers. Better managed supply c hain requires close coordination with suppliers to achieve the desire level of quality and delivery. It also needs to have patronise communications with the suppliersand customers.It entails to have close coordination among product design, engineering, the manufacturing plant, and suppliers. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure that its products are produced to the highest safety standards that its workers are not exploited and that health and safety and environmental standards not compromised in the search for lower prices. In this case the stakes are very high since the safety of all our children is at stake as well as the acceptance of the Made in China designation in world markets.

Organizational behavior of HK Disneyland Essay

fundamentHong Kong Disneyland, opened to visitors in 2005, is maven of the two largest radical parks in Hong Kong. It successfully perplexs magical get wind of Walt Disney to tot tout ensemble(prenominal)y the visitors undecomposed like other Disneyland around the world.Hong Kong Disneyland has created a culture for their employees with open confabulation with their managers and subordinates, professed(prenominal) genteelness, and avenges. This philosophy of treating employees well has long been select by Walt Disney for many years. The belief of Walt Disney is that you brush off wee exultant guests as long as you go through employees who enjoy functional for Disneyland and bringing happiness to visitors.With the comprehensive breeding for each employee, they make all visitors last a memorable magical moment. No matter the shake off of Disney characters, or the people running(a) in Disneylands restaurants or hotels, all of them receive comprehensive procreation. This fosterage evoke ensure that every Disney employee arse add together as a team, and volunteer first-class customer assistances to cater for their customers removes.In this report, we leave alone illustrate how Disneyland incorporates organizational manner concepts to create a culture for their employees where they feel satisfactory for their work surroundings and feel that they are primary(prenominal) to the team. Motivation and try are two main foc workouts in our research. We will alike lead suggestions on how Disneyland can shape up correct in monetary value of organizational culture.MotivationHong Kong Disneyland has many dashs to motivate its employees to work. Our team is firing to apply Theory X and Theory Y, Herzbergs two-factor theory, and Maslows Hierarchy of study these three theories to fail the employee motivation method actings of Hong Kong DisneylandTheory X and Theory YHere is a brief introduction on the Theory X earlier the application on Disneyland. Theory X base on demoralized assumptions. It is impediment to employee morale and productivity. For example, it assumed that labors are inherently lazy and avoid to work, only interested in money and in need of close supervision. Also, they would watch little ambition without incentive programs, avoid accountability and need to be driven through control systems. So, once the manager adopting this theory, they will end everything in blame without evaluating the situation, structure the work, energize the employees and alike in authoritarian manner base on the bane of punishment.Here comes to the application on theory X. According to the spokesperson of Disneyland, Angela Bliss, Disney employees have to adhere to strict guidelines and rules for their behavior and appearance. Once hired, they have to take hold the Disney Look, and the Disney look is a fresh, clean andapproachable look, ensuring that every guest feels loose with our entire heave. Therefore, si nk subdivisions, Disneys way of referring to their employees, receive a Disney look book that details all of the demands, emphasizing a natural look with natural hair color and makeup. The purpose in doing this is to save up the focus on the show and not on the individual cast member. Besides, a cast member with purple hair may not appear approachable to all of their guests.According to Disney rules, anytime a cast member confronts a guest who appears lost or frazzled, the employee must offer their help and point them in the right direction. Pointing must always be done with either two fingers or the full hand. So, the above showed that the workers in Disney are suffered serious and high intensive instructions and rules by the theory X style managers.Whats more, with reference to the article by Jason Garcia, Orlando Sentinel on November 16, 2010, The Walt Disney Co. has issued a youthful form _or_ system of government proscription employees from texting art object driving on the melodic phrase. The ban applies to all of the Burbank, Calif.-based entertainment giants world big employees including its or so 60,000 workers at Walt Disney World. The policy, which recently took effect, in any case prohibits employees from making or receiving phone calls while driving on the duty unless they use a single earpiece. It applies to workers who are either driving company vehicles or using their invite vehicles while on the railway line. Disney punishments for workers caught violating the driving policy will be decided on case-by-case basis. The policy does not apply to employees during their drives to or from work.In short, the evidences above status that the management of theory X style, use to set up regulations and punishments to motivate their actors.On the other hand, here comes to the theory Y. On the contrary, it based on incontrovertible assumptions, and also more positive view of workers and the possibilities that create. For instance, they a ssumed that employees are ambitious, self-motivated and anxious to accept greater responsibility. Employees exercise self-control, self-direction, autonomy and empowerment,also exercise creativity and become forward looking. So, once the managers are adopted this theory, they believes that people want to do well at work, have a pool of unused creativity and that the satisfaction of doing a job is in itself motivating.Here comes to the application on theory Y. The Walt Disney Co focuses on creating a culture in which employees can flourish and arrest meaning in their work. Together with more than 10,000 online reference materials and resources, instructor-led classes, exploit rear systems, and education reimbursement for job-related degree programs, The Walt Disney Company offers an array of tools. From the website of The Walt Disney Co., they claimed that It takes a special flesh of person to work at The Walt Disney Company. Our employees and cast members can to the success of our many brands in a way no other company can match. That is why our employees and cast members are the most valuable eccentric of our organization. But we know your life isnt just approximately work. You have additional things going on family, friends, personal interests, education and more. The Walt Disney Company offers a comprehensive total rewards package that helps you live your best life, turn out personally and professionally, and get rewarded for the results you deliver. The programs, benefits and perks you receive as an employee or cast member may vary based on where you live and work. But when you add it all up, the total package provides the same results your total rewards support you throughout all stages of your life and rush.Herzbergs two-factor theoryThe two-factor theory states that in that respect are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. The theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction put ups to decrease in not pleasurable dissatisfaction.Two-factor theory distinguishes amidst motivators and hygiene factors based on the vox populi that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another(prenominal) and separateset of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Therefore, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, entirely are independent phenomena.Motivators such as challenging work, achievements, recognition, responsibility, or anything else that dedicaten positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, which is based on the long lasting working environment but not short-lasting achievement.The Walt Disney Company offers a comprehensive total rewards packa ge that helps employee live relegate life, come personally and professionally, and get rewarded for the results they deliver, for example, there are incentive and special recognition programs which includes quality of work, length of serve well, corporation volunteerism and employee of the month recognition. Reward will be varied by company, job status, location and/or the terms of any applicable collective bargaining agreement. The company have a diverse workforce is exact to the business. Variety of opinions, ideas and perspectives to ensure staff and their managers continue to top the performance and represent the companys orbiculate groceryplace. When employee reflects the communities, it can enhance the way for them connect to guests, audiences and consumers. Employee can feel that they work toward an inclusive environment that fosters creativity, launching and camaraderie across all of the Disney companies. The culture can also inspire the workers. For instance, they a re committed to a tradition of innovation and technology. Employee can be easily seducen job satisfaction from setting a high standard of excellence and maintain high-quality standards across all product categories. Apart from that, working in The Walt Disney Company can always enjoy in the joyful atmosphere as the entertainment is about hope, aspiration and positive cases, they can create positive and inclusive ideas about families and provide entertainment experiences for all generations to share. The rewarding, inclusive and supportive work environment is committed by the company. Thus, the staffs are able to gain satisfaction from working in Disney.Hygiene factors, for example, status, job security, salary, work conditions,the benefits for employee, that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. The Walt Disney Company provides employee base salaries with the total compensation opportunity and health and wellness benefits which inclu des medical, Disney Health Pursuits Wellness resources, Employee care Program (EAP), behavioral health, prescription drug coverage, dental consonant, healthcare and dependent day care flexible expending accounts, accident and disability Insurance, long-term care insurance. Besides, the employee can have enough time off working in Disney. They can have 11 paid holidays per year, vacation, sick pay and short-term disability, leaves of absence, bereavement and panel duty, personal life resources, group legal plan, adoption assistance program and onsite childcare centers. Moreover, they can also enjoy the retirement and financial benefits. 401(k) savings plan with company match, retirement savings plan for remunerative employees and employee stock purchase program would be included.Also, they can enjoy special particulars which are complimentary theme park admissions, employee discounts, merchandise discounts at Disney- delivered stores, company-sponsored events and returnss, Disney employee matching gifts, commuter assistance program and many other unmatched advantages. Last but not least, some world-class rearing programs are customizable for employee to join such as professional development, management and leadership development, calculator skills, business immersion programs and individual career development as the company encourages staff to learn and reach their goals. To sum up, the Herzbergs two-factor theory can be apply into The Walt Disney Company as motivators and hygiene factors can be found in the policy of the company and working environment. It can satisfy both motivators and hygiene factors of employee and that is the reason staffs enjoy to work there.Maslows Hierarchy of NeedMaslows theory relates motivation to a power structure of needs. At the bottom are essential physiological needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. As individuals satisfy one level of need, their motivations change as they aspire to reach the higher order needs . Therefore, to motivate an individual Maslow suggests that it is necessary to know where at bottom the hierarchy eachemployee is placed so that these factors can be taken into account.Physiological needs Hong Kong Disneyland offers competitive salaries. This gives employees the promoter to acquire the basic needs for living. Also, provide benefits programme to employees which suit them. These benefits and competitive salaries help workers pay go further and so motivate them to be loyal to the company. In Hong Kong Disneyland, empolyees can earn more than just a pay-check and will receive a total rewards package that consists of different types of compensation and benefits, such as Cast exclusive MTR discount schemeComprehensive group medical insurance, including outpatient, hospitalisation, specialist, Chinese herbalist and dental services Group life and group personal accident insuranceDiscretionary gratuity gainful annual leave, maternity leave, marriage leave and examination leave Overtime payment for frontline overtime suitable positionsOvernight shift premiumLaundry services for uniforms and costumeSafety needs Hong Kong Disneyland values the rubber eraser of all employees. It is committed to providing a preventive and healthy work environment to prevent accidents. Hong Kong Disneyland provides a fool rule and regulation to employees. For example, how to access the control of the machines therefore employees are accountable to create a safe working environment too that means they have to take responsibility for law-abiding the health and asylum rules and practices. Hong Kong Disnetland also offers employees a range of working patterns. For example, it provide a flexible working schedule, some employees may want to work as a part-time, they can choose among the schedule. This helps employees to choose the best option for a healthy work-life balance.Social needs These are associated with a feeling of belonging. These provide informal opportunit ies for employees to get along with each other. This helps strengthen teams and enhances workers sense of belonging. Having an open approach to communication keeps everybody focused on the Hong KongDisneylands aims helps individuals contribute to the company.In Hong Kong Disneyland, there is a RACE Club which provides a variety of interest programs, instructor-led courses and outdoor recreational activities for cast members and their family and friends. The RACE Club strives to promote diversity and work-life balance for cast members. It is also a plan for passionate and talented cast members to unleash their potential by being program instructors.Esteem all in all employees in Hong Kong Disneyland have a need to be respected and to respect themselves. Esteem is the normal employees proclivity to be accepted and valued by others. Employees need to engage themselves in activities, to gain recognition and a sense of contribution. Esteem needs can intersect with motivation in the Hong Kong Disneyland too.For example, employees voice will be heard at the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. Cast members are welcome to share any feedback employees may have with the Cast Advisory Council (CAC). The CAC meets regularly to listen to cast member feedback and make suggestions to improve the working environment.Self-actualisation Hong Kong Disneyland provides employees with the opportunity to take on challenging and stimulating responsibilities. This enables them to develop and improve. Hong Kong Disneyland offers more than 100 instructor-led programs to all cast members, including the Operations and superior squads. As a full time cast member, Employees can receive an average of 35 discipline hours per year to help them excel in their career. Typical instructor-led pedagogy courses include Classes for All Cast MembersDisney Traditions rearingCommunicating Effectively in the WorkplaceGiving and Receiving Feedback in Disney StyleInfluencing Team Members as a Role work Good Show Begins with MeClasses for All ManagersCoaching for Win-Win OutcomeProblem Solving & stopping point Making SkillsTime ManagementSeminars and conferences hosted by Guest Speakers developmentOrganizational Learning in DisneylandLearning in Disneyland take parts in three aspects, it includes Disney University, DU Learningland and Emerging Leader Program.1. Disney UniversityThe Disney University (DU) offers more than 100 instructor-led programs to all cast members, including the Operations and overlord Teams. As a full time cast member, people can receive an average of 35 training hours per year to help them excel in their career. This also acts as a guide to providing world-class service to our guests. Typical instructor-led training courses include Classes for All Cast Members-Disney Traditions readying-Communicating Effectively in the Workplace-Giving and Receiving Feedback in Disney Style-Influencing Team Members as a Role ModelClasses for All Managers-Coaching for Win-W in Outcome-Problem Solving & Decision Making Skills-Time Management-Seminars and conferences hosted by Guest Speakers2. DU LearninglandThe DU Learningland provides a wide variety of self-learning materials to study at workers own pace. There are about 1,000 collections including Disney feature films and books on career development as well as personal growth.3. Emerging leading ProgramHong Kong Disneyland Emerging Leaders Program can help workers develop for future leadership roles at the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. The six-month program focuses on ontogeny your core leadership competencies. During the training, workers and other cast members work on group projects, attend classroom training and do on-the-job shadowing with a Guest Service Manager. Current situation of learning aspects in Hong Kong Disneyland 1. Explicit knowledgeExplicit knowledge is Knowledge that is articulated through language, such as documents. Hong Kong Disneyland provides training to its workers. With the aim to progress along a steep learning curve, Disneyland offers learning opportunities for the trainees, including classroom training that give workers guidelines of the way workers should behave.2. Tacit knowledgeTacit knowledge refers to knowledge acquired through comment and direct experience. From the enlisting post of Hong Kong Disneyland, it suggests that previous work experience at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort (e.g. Part Time Host / Internship) or any other Disney theme parks will be considered as an added advantage. This proves the workers are likely to have some experience of welcoming guest before they enter the firm. Moreover, abundant mentorship and mentoring workshops are offered to colleagues so that that new workers can have deeper understanding about Hong Kong Disneyland more easily.3. SkillsMost of the job offered in Hong Kong Disneyland requires that applicants should have excellent command of English and Chinese, including spoken Cantonese and Mandarin. Despite t he language requirement, Hong Kong Disneyland further requires candidates have the ability to demonstrate brawny computer proficiency with Microsoft Office applications, including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook, familiarity with Apple presentation products, and willingness to learn new software programs Generally, Language skills and computer skills are the two fundamental skills that Hong Kong Disneyland is looking for.4. AttitudeHong Kong Disneyland demands that workers should demonstrate outgoing personality with good communication skill. Moreover, applicants should be those that are energetic, strong team-players and passionate about Disney. That is to say, Hong Kong Disneyland tries to let co-workers to imagine working for an organization that brings smiles to millions every year, or working with people whose passion for what they do is simply indescribable.Problems of Disney Learning StyleFrom the above description, we find that Disneyland provide extensive tra ining program to their employees. These training programs have equipped their employees with basic knowledge on facilitating daily operation of Disneyland however, these training programs do not equip employees with creativity on how to make their service better. In other word, the training programs of Disneyland do not give enough reinforcement to their employees. Reinforcement is sort out into two categories positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. confirmative reinforcement occurs when positive consequence is presented to a in demand(p) behavior while negative reinforcement refers to the presentation of negative consequence to undesired behavior. Both operative conditioning and classical conditioning state that extinction of particular behavior will occurs if reinforcement is no longer presented upon the completion of behavior which is previously reinforced. Moreover, social learning theory also suggested that human will learn though observing because of self-reinfo rcement.In other words, reinforcement has played a very pregnant role in every types of learning. Without reinforcement of desirable behavior and severe punishment of misbehavior, employees may not have any incentive to perform better. Some of them may even lose their incentive to maintain their expected performance and withdraw from Disneyland. This may lead to severe consequences Disneyland in a few aspects. First, with employee losing their work incentives, there will be a reduction of average customer service quality. As Disneyland aims to bring the greatest experience to its customer, their reputation as the world most famous theme park may be harmed. Moreover, if employees resign from Disneyland frequently, the turnover rate of staff is high. In this case, notonly the cost of training newly join staff will increase, the time of training new staff will also be boost as every Disneyland staff needs to receive sufficient training before they become available to work. With the to tal cost increase in a great proportion, this will lead to a loss of comparative advantage of Disneyland. To solve the paradoxs mentioned above, Disneyland may need to provide enough orthogonal reinforcement and self-reinforcement to their employees.Suggestions1) Since Disneyland is a service industry, their staffs are required to provide high-quality customer services. And this kind of customer service is not only an explicit knowledge, but also a tacit knowledge. That is, knowledge acquired through observation and direct experience, it cannot be contained directly through knowledge, such as document. Explicit knowledge is provided by Disney University, while tacit knowledge can be learnt from on-job training, new worker are asked to prevent their mentor and learn. At the same time, employees are required to deal with different scenarios to obtain customer satisfaction, and they can only learn through real-time experience since there are many unexpected situations happened in reality.So, extensive training can just provide the existing and past experience to their employees and after they obtained the explicit knowledge from Disney University, they can apply it to customers and make a change to satisfy customers with different needs. And this implies practice makes perfect, only through transaction with actual cases with continuing improvement to obtain a high-quality customer service and that is a tacit knowledge.2) Positive reinforcement can be used since it occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. In this case, desired behavior will be the high quality service provided by employees, positive outcome can be bonus and commissions. It is the common way for manager to create learning among their employees, and it becomes the motivator for employees to provide a better service in order to achieve the target set by Disneyland. ahead the positive outcome launched, employees will less be motivated since they think there is no problem to wor k as usual. But after having this positiveoutcome, it will motivate employees to provide a better customer service as they want to get the bonus based on the checkpoint set by Disneyland which is related to themselves, the monetary benefit. So, it can create a win-win outcome that Disneyland can continue to have a positive reputation and a continuing improvement on customer relationship through the thrust provided by employees, at the same time employees can receive bonus as rewards to affirm their movement directly.Employees can learn from social learning theory. First, behavioral modeling and learning behavior consequences are observing and modeling behavior of others and its consequences afterwards Since one department have lots of employees who have their own method to deal with customer matters, like the ways to deliver customer service when dealing with customers with different tempers, so everyone can be a role model towards the others. For example, for a host at Chef Micke y (Food and Beverage), there are many staff to serve customers, such as ordering, serving, and cleaning up. They can first observe how the other staffs perform their job responsibilities to get customers satisfaction, and then the consequence is they can improve themselves to provide a smoother customer service after observation and modeling.For self-reinforcement, it is a conclusion that employees should reinforce their behavior with consequences at bottom their control after the learning from observation. Disneyland can carry out the performance management through delimit the criteria define what is high-quality customer service by the management department, items may include customer preferences, establishing rapport, dealing with complaints, promoting and up-selling cadence and appraising employees performance how often to carry out quality assessment and when will have appraisals based on the needs with the current situation, like the peak season for Christmas or The Lunar N ew category providing them either positive or negative feedback using face-to-face approach in order to deliver their feedback directly self-reinforcement will occur if the feedback is positive, employees can accumulate a higher marks for the overall performance in order to get the bonus and rewards from achieving the checkpoint set by Disneyland. And their performance can be change through providing a better service to achieve the bonus and rewards, learning from colleagues, personal development, such as the goals and schedule set by an individual to provide a better customer service.3) Using a reward allocation decisions can shape ones behavior in Disneyland. Which people to reward who meet the requirement of providing high-quality customer service, how to reward them whether using monetary or non-monetary term. When to reward them, depending when will the appraisals be released.Since Disneyland is a service industry, using team reward systems will be more appropriate as employee s should have a good interpersonal and communication quality, and this reward approach can emphasize cooperation and joint efforts, also employees can share their experience to others in order to achieve a better performance and gain a higher reward through cooperation.At the same time, competency-based reward should be used as a financial reward practice as it is the fundamental part of employment relationship. The pay has multiple meanings, such as symbol of success which provides high-quality customer service performance, reinforcement and motivator, reducing anxiety that the worries about how is their own customer service providing performance.Competency-based reward is a pay increases with competencies acquired and demonstrated. It is a skill-based pay which means how well is the customer service provided, pay will be increased with skill modules learned. The advantages is having flexibility on the workload with a better quality, since different employees will provide different customer service, they can learn from dealing with real-time cases in order to adjust how can the customer service be delivered better. Not only is this reward focusing on individual rewards commissions, but also team rewards gain sharing and the most authoritative part organizational rewards profit sharing, stock options, balanced scorecard.4) It is suitable to use the job rotary motion in Disneyland. The existing one iscalled the Internal Transfer Process, which is eligible to regular full time cast members who have been employed at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and held their current position for at least six months. And the purpose is to provide Cast Members with cross-functional transfer opportunities and equip them to be multi-functional and multi-tasked.Cast members can first have six-months experience in their department, after being familiar with its job responsibilities and they feel it is time for them to experience the different challenges, they can postpone the applic ation for internal transfer without getting a supervisors approval. They can transfer within a Single Team, across different teams or between Operations Team and Professional Team with the same career path. And they can have job rotation after their demonstrated performance, education background, as well as work experience being assessed.Undoubtedly, it has a slightly difference with the job rotation approach since cast members need to submit their application and be assessed. However, the goal is actually similar that offers their employees a chance to have internal transfer. It can minimize repetitive strain injury and reduce the job boredom after staying as the same position for a long time it is good for employees to experience different customers needs through working in different department and it is the only way for them to obtain a real experience through working by their own but not on books or documents. At the same time, there will be some drawbacks that cannot be ignored , such as the extra resources on training as some employees may only work for six months and have internal transfer, that means they need another training which lead to an extra cost on training, the extra training cost will be much higher for employees transferring between Operations Team and Professional Team because the training criteria are totally different also employees may not be an apt in all fields, this problem may occur frequently also in the case of transferring between Operations Team and Professional Team, since the job requirement will be totally different and they need more theoretical knowledge to manage employees or work out for a win-win outcome and also have decision making which will have a significant influence of Disneylands market share or status.ConclusionHong Kong Disneyland has demonstrated how a world class theme park creates a working atmosphere for its employees. As motivation and learning are always two most important aspects of employee management, so our team has taken these two factors for study.In motivation aspect, we have introduced Herzbergs two-factor theory and Maslows Hierarchy of Need to explain the motivation of employees. The two factor theory and the hygiene factors can be applied in the ways that how Hong Kong Disneyland motivates its employees. The Maslows Hierarchy of Need explains how Hong Kong Disneyland motivates its employees according to the five stages of needs, that is, physiological needs, safety device needs, social needs, esteem, and self-actualization. In learning aspect, currently, Hong Kong Disneyland provides Disneyland University and mentoring sections for its employees to acquire both explicit and tacit knowledge. Its problem is that is does not give enough reinforcement to the employees on bettering the services, resulting in lower incentives and even job resignation. Therefore, we have suggested Hong Kong Disneyland to provide positive reinforcement such as bonus and team reward to boost thei r motivation and arrange job rotation to keep the employees passion about the company as well as their job.In a nutshell, Hong Kong Disneyland is an international level organization hiring thousands of employees for operation. Its employee management method is a great model for studying but there are still rooms for improvement.